Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What is the process of transferring pollen grains from the anther to the stigma called?
Answer
Pollination.
Question
Name the powdery material produced by the anthers that contains sperm nuclei.
Answer
Pollen.
Question
What is the term for the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower?
Answer
Autogamy.
Question
Pollination occurring between two different flowers on the same plant is known as _____.
Answer
Geitonogamy.
Question
Why is geitonogamy genetically classified as a form of self-pollination?
Answer
The flowers are located on the same plant and share the same genetic characters.
Question
Define 'Allogamy'.
Answer
The transfer of pollen from the flower of one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species.
Question
What is the technical term for cross-pollination between two different plants of the same species?
Answer
Allogamy.
Question
Which type of pollination ensures that parental characters are preserved indefinitely?
Answer
Self-pollination.
Question
What is a major genetic disadvantage of continued self-pollination over several generations?
Answer
It may lead to the weakening of the variety or species.
Question
Small, bisexual flowers that never open, even at maturity, to facilitate self-pollination are called _____ flowers.
Answer
Cleistogamous.
Question
The condition where the anthers and stigma of a bisexual flower mature at the exact same time is called _____.
Answer
Homogamy.
Question
Large flowers with open petals and exposed reproductive structures are known as _____ flowers.
Answer
Chasmogamous.
Question
How does cross-pollination affect the quality of offspring compared to self-pollination?
Answer
The offspring produced through cross-pollination are generally healthier.
Question
What is the main reason cross-pollination is considered uneconomical for a plant?
Answer
The plant must expend energy to produce large, brightly coloured, scented, and nectar-rich flowers.
Question
Define 'Dichogamy'.
Answer
A condition in bisexual flowers where the anthers and stigma mature at different times.
Question
In dichogamy, what is the term for flowers where the anthers mature before the stigma?
Answer
Protandry.
Question
In dichogamy, what is the term for flowers where the stigma matures before the anthers?
Answer
Protogyny.
Question
What is the result of 'Self-sterility' in a flower?
Answer
Pollen fails to germinate or grow further if it falls on the stigma of the same flower.
Question
The presence of a mechanical or structural barrier that prevents self-pollination is called _____.
Answer
Herkogamy.
Question
What is 'Heterostyly'?
Answer
A condition where the stigma and anthers grow at different heights in flowers of the same species.
Question
What is the technical term for flowers pollinated by insects?
Answer
Entomophilous.
Question
Why are the pollen grains of insect-pollinated flowers typically sticky or spiny?
Answer
To allow them to easily attach to the bodies of visiting insects.
Question
What is the technical term for flowers pollinated by the wind?
Answer
Anemophilous.
Question
Describe the appearance of the stigmas in wind-pollinated flowers.
Answer
They are feathery and hang out of the flower to trap passing pollen grains.
Question
Anthers that are loosely attached to filaments and can be moved by the slightest breeze are called _____ anthers.
Answer
Versatile.
Question
What is the technical term for flowers pollinated by water?
Answer
Hydrophilous.
Question
How do male flowers of $Vallisneria$ reach female flowers for pollination?
Answer
They detach and float on the surface of the water until they come into contact with female flowers.
Question
What is the term for pollination facilitated by birds?
Answer
Ornithophily.
Question
Which plant, noted for its ground-level flowers, is pollinated by elephants?
Answer
$Rafflesia$.
Question
What is 'Artificial pollination' (or artificial crossing)?
Answer
The human-controlled transfer of pollen to the stigma to evolve new varieties of plants.
Question
In artificial pollination, what is the process of removing anthers from young flowers called?
Answer
Emasculation.
Question
Why is 'bagging' performed during the process of artificial pollination?
Answer
To prevent unwanted pollen from reaching the stigma of the emasculated flower.
Question
In the sweet pea flower, which petals are forced down by a bee to expose the reproductive organs?
Answer
The wing petals and the keel petal.
Question
In a maize plant, which inflorescence is referred to as the 'tassel'?
Answer
The male inflorescence.
Question
In a maize plant, what biological structure do the 'silks' represent?
Answer
The long styles of the female flowers.
Question
Define 'Fertilisation'.
Answer
The union or fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes.
Question
Name the two layers of the wall surrounding a mature pollen grain.
Answer
The outer exine and the inner intine.
Question
Which nucleus within the pollen grain directs the growth of the pollen tube?
Answer
The tube nucleus.
Question
The generative nucleus of a pollen grain eventually divides into _____ male gametes.
Answer
Two.
Question
Identify the protective coverings that enclose the nucellus of an ovule.
Answer
Integuments.
Question
The small opening in the integuments of an ovule for pollen tube entry is called the _____.
Answer
Micropyle.
Question
What is the mass of food-laden cells located inside the integuments of an ovule?
Answer
The nucellus.
Question
How many cells are typically found in a mature embryo sac?
Answer
Seven.
Question
In an embryo sac, name the three cells located at the end opposite the micropyle.
Answer
Antipodal cells.
Question
What are the two cells called that lie alongside the egg cell at the micropylar end?
Answer
Synergids.
Question
Which cell in the embryo sac contains two polar nuclei that fuse together?
Answer
The central cell.
Question
What stimulus triggers the germination of a pollen grain on the stigma?
Answer
The secretion of sugars by the stigma.
Question
What is the name of the process where one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell nucleus?
Answer
Syngamy.
Question
Define 'Triple Fusion' in plant reproduction.
Answer
The fusion of the second sperm nucleus with the two polar nuclei in the central cell.
Question
What nutritive tissue is formed as a result of triple fusion?
Answer
Endosperm.
Question
Why is the reproductive process in flowering plants called 'Double Fertilisation'?
Answer
It involves two separate fertilisation events: syngamy and triple fusion.
Question
What does the ovary transform into after successful fertilisation?
Answer
Fruit.
Question
What does the ovule transform into after successful fertilisation?
Answer
Seed.
Question
The ovary wall becomes the _____ of the fruit after fertilisation.
Answer
Pericarp.
Question
Post-fertilisation, the outer integument of the ovule becomes the _____.
Answer
Testa.
Question
Post-fertilisation, the inner integument of the ovule becomes the _____.
Answer
Tegmen.
Question
What is the post-fertilisation fate of the antipodal cells and synergids?
Answer
They become disorganised.
Question
Which part of the plant embryo does the zygote develop into?
Answer
The embryo.
Question
What typically happens to the petals, stamens, and style after fertilisation?
Answer
They wither and generally fall off.
Question
In which specific fruit does the calyx persist and remain attached even when ripe?
Answer
Brinjal (or Guava/Apple).