Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
According to the text, what is the definition of health?
Answer
The state or condition of the body portraying physical, mental, social, and emotional fitness.
Question
How is hygiene defined in a scientific context?
Answer
The science and practice of maintaining good health.
Question
Term: Personal hygiene
Answer
Definition: The practice of caring for one's own body to maintain health.
Question
Term: Social hygiene
Answer
Definition: Taking proper care of one's surroundings to maintain health.
Question
What are the four major aspects of personal hygiene?
Answer
Cleanliness, physical exercise, rest and sleep, and healthy habits.
Question
In the absence of water, what should be used to disinfect hands?
Answer
Hand sanitisers.
Question
Why is a daily bath essential for skin health?
Answer
It removes germs, opens sweat pores, and eliminates body odour from perspiration.
Question
Which personal items must be washed daily to maintain hygiene?
Answer
Undergarments and handkerchiefs.
Question
What is the primary hygiene benefit of frequent hair washing and regular combing?
Answer
It keeps the hair healthy and free of parasites like head lice.
Question
How often should teeth be cleaned daily to prevent gum infections?
Answer
At least twice a day, before bed and after waking up.
Question
What is the hygiene risk of eating too many sweets and chocolates?
Answer
It spoils the teeth, causing cavities and gum infections.
Question
Why is it recommended to breathe by the nose rather than the mouth?
Answer
The nose filters air, whereas the mouth does not provide the same protective filtration.
Question
What two eye diseases are commonly caused by dust and contamination by hands?
Answer
Trachoma and conjunctivitis.
Question
Why is the sharing of "kajal" (soot) sticks considered a health risk?
Answer
It can lead to eye infections through shared application sticks.
Question
What tool is recommended for cleaning wax from the ears?
Answer
A soft moist swab.
Question
What is the primary physiological benefit of regular physical exercise?
Answer
It improves blood circulation.
Question
What is the recommended duration of continuous undisturbed sleep for adults?
Answer
6 to 7 hours.
Question
Identify the dirty habit involving saliva and paper mentioned in the text.
Answer
Turning book pages or counting currency notes by saliva-wetted finger tips.
Question
Why is proper ventilation in living rooms essential for hygiene?
Answer
Fresh air brings oxygen and sunlight kills germs.
Question
Which chemicals are recommended for sprinkling on public drains and garbage?
Answer
Bleaching powder and lime.
Question
Term: Vector
Answer
Definition: Any agent that acts as an intermediate carrier of a pathogen.
Question
Which three insects are identified as the "worst public enemies" regarding disease transmission?
Answer
Houseflies, mosquitoes, and cockroaches.
Question
Why is the housefly often designated as "Public Enemy No. 1"?
Answer
It is a natural scavenger that spreads numerous diseases like dysentery, cholera, and typhoid.
Question
How do the legs of a housefly contribute to food contamination?
Answer
Their hairy or spiny legs easily pick up filth containing germs from dirty places.
Question
How does a housefly contaminate food during the feeding process?
Answer
By pouring out saliva to moisten food or by vomiting (regurgitating) food swallowed from dirty places.
Question
Which eye disease can be directly transmitted by a housefly landing on an infected person and then a healthy person?
Answer
Trachoma.
Question
What is the purpose of covering refuse with a layer of earth to control houseflies?
Answer
It produces enough heat through decomposition to kill the maggots.
Question
Which specific mosquito species is responsible for spreading malaria?
Answer
$Anopheles$.
Question
What is the protozoan name of the malaria germ?
Answer
$Plasmodium$.
Question
Which mosquito species spreads elephantiasis (filariasis)?
Answer
$Culex$.
Question
Identify the nematode worm that causes elephantiasis.
Answer
$Wuchereria$.
Question
Which mosquito species is the vector for yellow fever and dengue?
Answer
$Aedes$.
Question
Why do mosquitoes inject saliva into the skin before sucking blood?
Answer
The saliva contains a substance that prevents blood from clotting to facilitate suction.
Question
What is the effect of pouring kerosene or oil on stagnant water to control mosquitoes?
Answer
It forms a thin film that kills larvae and pupae when they come to the surface to breathe.
Question
Concept: Biological control of mosquitoes
Answer
Definition: Introducing certain fish like $Gambusia$ into ponds to selectively devour mosquito larvae.
Question
Where do cockroaches typically breed in household environments?
Answer
In connecting manholes and sewers.
Question
Which parasite living on a rat's skin carries the germs of the plague?
Answer
The rat-flea.
Question
What term refers to the unwanted entry of disease-causing germs into drinking water or edible foods?
Answer
Contamination.
Question
Which industrial pollutant in water is known to cause abnormalities in the nervous system?
Answer
Mercury.
Question
Which industry produces waste containing the bacilli bacteria responsible for anthrax?
Answer
The leather (tannery) industry.
Question
What is a major health risk associated with high concentrations of pesticides like DDT in humans?
Answer
Hormonal imbalance, which may lead to cancer.
Question
High concentrations of which substance in drinking water cause muscular disorders and skeletal issues?
Answer
Fluorides.
Question
Identify the three common water-borne diseases that can lead to severe epidemics.
Answer
Cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
Question
What is the causative bacterium of cholera?
Answer
$Vibrio\ cholerae$.
Question
What symptom of cholera indicates a severe shortage of water in the body?
Answer
No urination.
Question
Why is the lack of urination in cholera patients fatal?
Answer
Urea accumulates in the blood, which is highly poisonous.
Question
What are the two distinct forms of dysentery?
Answer
Bacillary and amoebic.
Question
What is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery?
Answer
The bacterium $Shigella$.
Question
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Answer
The protozoan $Entamoeba\ hystolytica$.
Question
Where does $Entamoeba\ hystolytica$ typically establish itself in the human body?
Answer
In the lining of the large intestine.
Question
How does $Entamoeba\ hystolytica$ feed within the host's body?
Answer
By engulfing red blood cells of the patient's intestine.
Question
What structures allow the $Entamoeba\ hystolytica$ to move and feed?
Answer
Pseudopodia.
Question
How does $Entamoeba\ hystolytica$ survive outside the host in contaminated water or food?
Answer
It forms cysts that remain active for a long time.
Question
What organ is primarily affected by hepatitis?
Answer
The liver (inflammation of the liver).
Question
Which type of hepatitis is specifically transmitted through contaminated water?
Answer
Hepatitis A.
Question
What are the symptoms of Hepatitis A related to eye and urine colour?
Answer
Yellowish eyes and deep yellow urine (due to bile pigments).
Question
Which type of food should be avoided to prevent aggravating hepatitis symptoms?
Answer
Fat-rich substances.
Question
In the life cycle of mosquitoes and houseflies, what stage follows the egg?
Answer
Larva (maggot).
Question
In the life cycle of a vector, what is the stage between larva and adult?
Answer
Pupa.
Question
What chemical substance is mainly responsible for tooth disorders when found in drinking water?
Answer
Fluorides.