Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What is the biological definition of a 'tissue'?
Answer
A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Question
In the hierarchy of biological organisation, several tissues working together to perform a specific function constitute an _____.
Answer
organ.
Question
What level of biological organisation is formed by several organs acting together to perform a specific life process?
Answer
An organ system.
Question
What are the two basic categories of plant tissues based on their ability to divide?
Answer
Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue.
Question
What is the Greek origin and meaning of the term 'meristos'?
Answer
It is derived from 'Gk. meristos', meaning divided.
Question
Where is meristematic tissue primarily found in a plant?
Answer
At all growing points, such as the tips of roots, stems, and branches.
Question
What happens to the diameter of a tree stem when meristematic tissue is present between the bark and the wood?
Answer
The diameter of the stem increases.
Question
What is the typical shape of cells in meristematic tissue?
Answer
They are usually cubical.
Question
Describe the cell walls of meristematic tissue.
Answer
The cell walls are thin.
Question
How do the nuclei of meristematic cells compare to the rest of the cell size?
Answer
The nuclei are large.
Question
What is the status of vacuoles in meristematic cells?
Answer
Vacuoles are almost absent.
Question
How much intercellular space is found between cells in meristematic tissue?
Answer
There is almost no intercellular space as cells are tightly packed.
Question
Meristematic tissue is classified into which two categories based on location?
Answer
Apical (or terminal) meristem and lateral meristem.
Question
Where is apical meristem specifically located?
Answer
Near the tips of roots and stems and in growing young leaves.
Question
What is the function of lateral (cambium) meristem?
Answer
It is responsible for the increase in the girth (diameter) of the stem.
Question
What defines permanent tissues in plants?
Answer
They are made of cells that have lost their ability to divide and have taken a permanent shape.
Question
What are the three functional types of permanent plant tissues?
Answer
Protective, supporting, and conducting.
Question
What is a primary characteristic of cells in protective plant tissue?
Answer
They have thick walls.
Question
What water-proof material is secreted by the epidermis of leaves?
Answer
A waxy water-proof material.
Question
What are the three most important types of supporting tissues in plants?
Answer
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Question
What is the typical shape of parenchyma cells?
Answer
They are large, thin-walled, and oval, circular, or polygonal in shape.
Question
What is usually present in the centre of a parenchyma cell?
Answer
A single large vacuole.
Question
Where is parenchyma typically found within a plant stem?
Answer
In soft parts, such as the cortex and the pith.
Question
What is the name for parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts?
Answer
Chlorenchyma.
Question
What is the primary function of chlorenchyma in leaves?
Answer
It helps the leaf to produce food by photosynthesis.
Question
Which supporting tissue is made of elongated cells with walls thickened specifically at the corners?
Answer
Collenchyma.
Question
Where is collenchyma tissue typically located in plants?
Answer
In leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
Question
What is the state of sclerenchyma cells at maturity?
Answer
They are dead cells.
Question
What chemical substance is deposited in the walls of sclerenchyma cells to provide strength?
Answer
Lignin.
Question
What are the sclerenchyma cells found in the pulp of pears and walnut shells called?
Answer
Stone cells.
Question
Why are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma classified as 'simple' tissues?
Answer
They are each made up of only one type of cell.
Question
Conducting tissue is also known by what other term?
Answer
Vascular tissue.
Question
Which complex tissue is responsible for the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals?
Answer
Xylem.
Question
How can the age of a tree be determined using xylem?
Answer
By counting its annual rings, which are actually xylem rings.
Question
What four types of cells constitute xylem tissue?
Answer
Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibres.
Question
Which xylem elements are elongated dead cells with large cavities and highly lignified cell walls?
Answer
Tracheids.
Question
What is the function of xylem parenchyma?
Answer
The storage of food and assistance in the conduction of water and minerals.
Question
Which complex tissue provides a passage for the downward movement of manufactured food?
Answer
Phloem.
Question
What are the four components of phloem tissue?
Answer
Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres.
Question
The perforated transverse walls in phloem that help transport food are called _____.
Answer
sieve plates.
Question
Which cells in the phloem help in the functioning of the sieve tube cells?
Answer
Companion cells.
Question
What structure is formed by the collective grouping of xylem and phloem?
Answer
Vascular bundles.
Question
Why are xylem and phloem termed 'complex' tissues?
Answer
They are made of more than one type of cell working together as a unit.
Question
What are the four main kinds of animal tissues?
Answer
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Question
What is the primary physical characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Answer
It is a thin, protective continuous sheet of cells with no space between them.
Question
Which type of epithelium is composed of thin, flat, and prominently nucleated cells?
Answer
Squamous epithelium.
Question
Where is cuboidal epithelium typically found in the human body?
Answer
In parts of kidney tubules and some glandular ducts.
Question
Which type of epithelium contains tall, vertically arranged cylindrical or brick-like cells?
Answer
Columnar epithelium.
Question
What are the thread-like protoplasmic projections on ciliated columnar epithelium called?
Answer
Cilia.
Question
Which type of epithelium is found in the skin and consists of several layers of cells?
Answer
Stratified epithelium.
Question
What are the three general characteristics of connective tissue?
Answer
Abundance of intercellular substance (matrix), fewer cellular elements, and fibres.
Question
Which connective tissue is the most widely spread and occurs beneath the epidermis of skin?
Answer
Areolar (packing) tissue.
Question
What is the specific function of adipose tissue?
Answer
Storage of fat and providing padding for insulation.
Question
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Answer
Tendons connect muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone.
Question
Describe the matrix of cartilage.
Answer
It is a non-porous, thickened intercellular substance that is semi-transparent and elastic.
Question
What is the nature of bone tissue regarding its structure and composition?
Answer
It is a hard, porous tissue containing living cells (osteoblasts) and inorganic salts.
Question
What are the two main parts that compose blood?
Answer
The liquid part (plasma) and the cellular part (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets).
Question
What is lymph and its primary function?
Answer
It is blood plasma that has oozed out of blood vessels, concerned with transportation and immunity.
Question
What are the three kinds of muscle tissues?
Answer
Striated, unstriated, and cardiac muscles.
Question
Why are striated muscles called voluntary muscles?
Answer
They are under the control of our will.