Tissues : Plant and Animal Tissues - Questions & Answers

1. What are the two basic types of plant tissues?
The two basic types of plant tissues are Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue.

2. Give the technical terms for the following:
(i) The category of plant tissues that have lost their ability to multiply
Permanent tissue.
(ii) The kind of plant cells with thin walls and usually a single large vacuole
Parenchyma.
(iii) Elongated cells which are thickened at the corners.
Collenchyma.
(iv) The two types of tissues which provide the upward movement of water and dissolved food materials from the roots/leaves to other parts of the plant.
Xylem and Phloem.

3. Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)
(i) Phloem cells carry manufactured food from leaves to other parts.
True (T)
(ii) Veins of leaves have both xylem and phloem.
True (T)
(iii) The older xylem tissue does not participate in transport.
True (T)
(iv) The sclerenchyma consists of actively dividing cells.
False (F)

1. Name the kind of animal tissue in which

(i) Cells are flat, cuboidal or columnar, forming protective layer.
Epithelial tissue.
(ii) Cells produce and pour out chemical substances.
Glandular epithelium.
(iii) Cells can contract and relax.
Muscle tissue.
(iv) Cells can conduct impulses.
Nervous or Neural tissue.

2. Give one example of each of the following tissues where they are located.

(i) Ciliated columnar epithelium
Inner lining of the trachea (wind pipe).
(ii) Elastic cartilage
Tip of the nose and external ears.
(iii) Unstriated muscles
Walls of the intestine and blood vessels.

3. Write one speciality each of the following :

(i) Cartilage
It is a non-porous, semi-transparent, and elastic tissue that has no blood vessels or nerves in it.
(ii) Bone
It is a hard, porous tissue with a good supply of blood vessels and a rigid mass of inorganic salts.
(iii) Striated muscle
These muscles are under the control of our will (voluntary) and get tired soon.
(iv) Cardiac muscle
They can contract continuously without outside stimulation and do not get tired easily.

4. Mention if the following statements are true (T) or false (F)

(i) Axons of nerve cells are very long.
True (T)
(ii) Dendrons bundled together form a nerve.
False (F)
(iii) Cardiac muscles get tired soon.
False (F)
(iv) Epithelial cells leave space in between.
False (F)
(v) Perikaryon is the nucleus of a nerve cell.
False (F)
(vi) Muscles of the iris of the eye are of voluntary type
False (F)
(vii) Cartilage has no blood vessels or the nerves in it.
True (T)

Analogies can never be perfect comparisons. However, these are often helpful in understanding. Can we compare the following and if so, how?

1. Blood vessels - rivers
Just as rivers are channels that transport water and nutrients across a landscape, blood vessels are channels that transport blood, distributing essential materials throughout the body.
2. Capillaries - canals
Canals are narrow branches extending from rivers to reach specific agricultural areas; similarly, capillaries are the narrowest blood vessels that branch out to deliver nutrients deep into body tissues.
3. Red blood cells - ships
Ships carry vital cargo across waterways; red blood cells carry the vital "cargo" of oxygen through the bloodstream.
4. White blood cells - anti-terrorist squad
An anti-terrorist squad protects a territory from invaders; white blood cells protect the body by fighting off invading disease-causing germs.
5. Urinary system - drainage
A drainage system removes waste liquids from an area; the urinary system filters and eliminates liquid metabolic wastes from the body.
6. Kidneys - aquaguards
Aquaguards (water purifiers) filter out impurities from drinking water; the kidneys filter out waste products and impurities from the blood.
7. Liver - thrifty house-keeper
A thrifty housekeeper saves excess items for future use; the liver stores excess food/nutrients for the body's future energy requirements.
8. Nerves - land lines (telephonic)
Land lines use wires to transmit signals for communication between locations; nerves act as biological wires transmitting electrical impulses between the brain and body parts.
9. Plant leaves - agriculture farms
Agriculture farms are the main sites of food production for people; leaves are the main sites of food production (photosynthesis) for the plant.

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE

1. Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
(i) In potato, starch is stored in :
(a) Sclerenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Parenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
Answer: (c) Parenchyma

(ii) Tendons and ligaments are examples of :
(a) Cartilage (b) Muscular tissue (c) Fibrous connective tissue (d) Adipose tissue
Answer: (c) Fibrous connective tissue

(iii) Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
(a) Meristem - Actively dividing cells
(b) Xylem - Transport of food
(c) Phloem - Transport of water
(d) Sclerenchyma - Storage of starch.
Answer: (a) Meristem - Actively dividing cells

(iv) Parenchyma containing chloroplasts is known as :
(a) Parenchyma (b) Aerenchyma (c) Collenchyma (d) Chlorenchyma
Answer: (d) Chlorenchyma

(v) Annual rings are the number of :
(a) Internodes in a stem
(b) Rings of vascular bundles in a monocot stem.
(c) Barks layers in a woody stem.
(d) Layers of Xylem in a stem.
Answer: (d) Layers of Xylem in a stem.

(vi) Which of the following cells in plants are said to be dead ?
(a) Meristem (b) Parenchyma (c) Collenchyma (d) Sclerenchyma.
Answer: (d) Sclerenchyma.

(vii) Which of the following connects a muscle to a bone ?
(a) Cartilage (b) Ligament (c) Tendon (d) Interstitial fluid.
Answer: (c) Tendon

(viii) Which of the following tissues is richly found in the tear gland ?
(a) Ciliated epithelium (b) Cuboidal epithelium (c) Squamous epithelium (d) Glandular epithelium
Answer: (d) Glandular epithelium

(ix) Which one of the following tissues helps in the growth of plants lengthwise ?
(a) Lateral meristem (b) Apical meristem (c) Parenchyma (d) Collenchyma
Answer: (b) Apical meristem

(x) Cardiac muscle is :
(a) Involuntary (b) Smooth (c) Striated (d) Involuntary and Striated.
Answer: (d) Involuntary and Striated.

(xi) Animals have two kinds of supportive connective tissue. The type which has a good supply of blood vessels and nerves is (P) ............... whereas the one which has no blood vessels or nerves is (Q) .................. .
(a) P — Cartilage Q — Bone
(b) P — Areolar tissue Q — Adipose tissue
(c) P — Adipose tissue Q — Areolar tissue
(d) P — Bone Q — Cartilage
Answer: (d) P — Bone, Q — Cartilage

(xii) A biology teacher asked her students to give two specific characteristic features of cardiac muscles.
Neeta said : Striated and involuntary.
Nitesh said : Unstriated and unbranched.
Isha said : Striated and branched.
Kabeer said : Unstriated and voluntary.
Who were correct ?
(a) Neeta and Nitesh (b) Neeta and Isha (c) Isha and Kabeer (d) Nitesh and Kabeer
Answer: (b) Neeta and Isha

(xiii) Deepali tried to match the kind of supporting tissues in plants with their characteristic features.
She tabulated the pairs as follows :
P: Dead cells, have thick walls due to the deposition of lignin.
Q: Elongated cells, cell wall is thickened at the corners.
Identify P and Q :
(a) P — Collenchyma Q — Sclerenchyma
(b) P — Sclerenchyma Q — Collenchyma
(c) P — Parenchyma Q — Sclerenchyma
(d) P — Collenchyma Q — Parenchyma
Answer: (b) P — Sclerenchyma Q — Collenchyma

(xiv) Which of the following does not belong to the connective tissue proper of animals ?
(a) Areolar tissue (b) Cartilage (c) Adipose tissue (d) Ligament
Answer: (b) Cartilage

1. Given below is the structure of a specific cell found in the body of animals and humans. Read the information below the diagram and fill in the blanks :
The above mentioned cell is found in all the part of body but richly located in the brain and spinal cord. The tissue formed by these cells is concerned with the perception and responses of animals.
The cell shown above is the basic structural and functional unit of the (a) nervous system . Each cell consists of a round or oval body, called (b) perikaryon / cyton containing the nucleus. It has one or more elongated hair-like extensions called (c) dendrites or dendrons . One of these extensions is very long and is termed as (d) axon . Many of these extensions are bundled together to form a (e) nerve .

2. Name the kind of tissue found (LS)
(a) at the tip of plant roots.
Apical meristem.
(b) at the lower surface of leaf.
Protective tissue (Epidermis).
(c) in the inner lining of intestine.
Columnar epithelium.
(d) at the joint between two long bones.
Ligament.
(e) in the walls of the veins of leaves.
Sclerenchyma.
(f) as gritty masses in the skin of pears.
Sclerenchyma (stone cells).

3. Where is the least specialized tissue located in plants?
The least specialized tissue (Parenchyma) is located in the soft parts of the plants, such as in the cortex (outer region) and in the pith (central region).

4. Give one word for each of the following :
(a) A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Tissue.
(b) Cells least specialized in the plants.
Parenchyma.
(c) Cells responsible for increase in diameter of the stem and root of dicot plants.
Lateral meristem (Cambium).

5. Name one place each in living organisms where the following tissues are located : (LS)
(a) Meristematic tissue — Tips of roots and stems.
(b) Cartilage — Tip of the nose or external ears.
(c) Squamous epithelium. — Outermost layer of the skin.
(d) Sclerenchyma — Stems and veins of leaves.
(e) Ciliated epithelium — Inner lining of the trachea (wind pipe).
(f) Ligament — Connecting bone to bone at joints.

6. Name the kinds of cells found in the following places: (LS)
(a) Salivary gland — Glandular epithelial cells.
(b) Brain — Neurons (Nerve cells).
(c) Surface of the human skin — Stratified squamous epithelial cells.
(d) Inner lining of the wind pipe — Ciliated columnar epithelial cells.

1. Name any one body part where ciliated epithelium is found in humans ? What is its function ?
It is found in the inner lining of the trachea (wind pipe). Its function is to constantly keep lashing its cilia to move the materials which enter these regions.

2. Define the terms :
(a) Tissue — A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function.
(b) Organ — Several tissues together contributing to some specific function inside the body constitute an organ.
(c) Organ system — Organ systems are groups of organs acting together to perform a specific life process.
(d) Lymph — Lymph is the fluid surrounding the body cells, which is essentially blood plasma that has oozed out of blood vessels, containing white blood cells but not red blood cells.
(e) Neuron — A neuron is a specialized elongated cell that forms the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous tissue, concerned with perceiving and responding to stimuli.

3. Write the specific locations of the following tissues in plants/animals.
(a) Sclerenchyma — Stems, veins of leaves, hard walnut shells, and gritty masses in the skin and pulp of pears.
(b) Collenchyma — Leaf stalks and below the epidermis of stems.
(c) Ciliated columnar epithelium — Inner lining of the trachea (wind pipe).
(d) Cardiac musles — Walls of the heart.

4. List the tissues found in the human heart?
Cardiac muscle tissue.

5. Can you consider a cluster of eggs as a tissue ? Why ?
No, a cluster of eggs cannot be considered a tissue because a tissue is composed of a group of similar cells working together as a team to perform a specific function within an organism. A cluster of eggs consists of individual unorganized cells that are not structurally and functionally united to perform a shared task.

6. Name the three kinds of muscles found in the human body. In each case, name one region in the body where they are found. (LS)
1. Striated (skeletal) muscles — Found in the arms, legs, face, neck, etc.
2. Unstriated (smooth) muscles — Found in the walls of the intestine, blood vessels, urinary bladder, etc.
3. Cardiac muscles — Found exclusively in the walls of the heart.

1. Distinguish between the following pairs with reference to what is asked in the brackets.

(a) Parenchyma and Collenchyma (cellular structure)
Parenchyma consists of large, thin-walled, oval or circular cells with a single large vacuole. Collenchyma is made up of elongated cells in which the cell wall is thickened at the corners.
(b) Meristematic and Permanent tissue (cell-division)
Meristematic tissues consist of actively dividing cells that multiply to produce new cells. Permanent tissues are made of cells which have lost their ability to divide.
(c) Blood and Lymph (cellular components)
Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Lymph contains white blood cells and lacks red blood cells.
(d) Bone and Cartilage (porosity)
Bone is a hard, porous tissue. Cartilage is a non-porous, semi-transparent, and elastic tissue.
(e) Voluntary and Involuntary muscles (shape and cellular structure)
Voluntary (striated) muscles are made of long, nucleated fibres showing light and dark bands (striations). Involuntary (unstriated) muscles are made up of spindle-shaped/slender tapering cells that are uninucleated and unstriped.

2. What is the difference between

(a) cell and tissue ?
A cell is the fundamental structural unit of living organisms. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function together as a team.
(b) organ and organism ?
An organ is a distinct body part made of several tissues contributing to a specific function. An organism is an entire living entity composed of various organ systems acting together.
(c) organ and organelle ?
An organ is a large functional unit within the body made of tissues (e.g., heart, stomach). An organelle is a microscopic functional unit inside a single cell (like the nucleus).
(d) organ and organ system ?
An organ is composed of tissues performing a specific function. An organ system is composed of multiple organs acting together to perform a complete specific life process (like the digestive system).

1. Study the diagram given alongside and then answer the questions that follow :

(a) Identify the tissue and give a reason to support your answer.
It is Phloem tissue. Reason: It contains structures such as sieve plates, sieve tubes, and companion cells.
(b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3, and 4.
1. Sieve plate, 2. Sieve tube (or Sieve cell), 3. Phloem parenchyma cell, 4. Companion cell.
(c) Where is this tissue likely to be found in the plant ?
It is found in the vascular bundles, meaning in continuity with the conducting tissues of stems, roots, and the veins of leaves.
(d) State the function of the parts labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.
1. Sieve plate: Its perforated walls allow the transport of food between sieve cells. 2. Sieve tube: Helps in the transport of food from leaves to storage organs. 3. Phloem parenchyma: Mainly concerned with the storage of starch, fat and other organic food material. 4. Companion cell: Helps in the functioning of the sieve tube cells.

2. Study the diagram given below and then answer the questions that follow :

(a) Identify the cell.
Neuron (or Nerve cell).
(b) Name the parts labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
1. Axon, 2. Axon endings, 3. Dendrite, 4. Perikaryon (or Cyton / cell body), 5. Nucleus, 6. Node of Ranvier (or Myelin sheath gap).
(c) Where is this cell likely to be found in the human body and what is its function ?
It is found in the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves). Its function is to perceive stimuli and conduct impulses (responses) throughout the body.

3. The figures (A and B) given ahead are two kinds of animal tissues. Study the figures and answer the following questions :

(a) Identify the tissues A and B.
A: Cartilage. B: Bone.
(b) Label all the guidelines marked in the figures A and B.
Figure A: 1. Matrix, 2. Cells (Chondrocytes), 3. Empty lacuna. Figure B: 1. Haversian canal, 2. Concentric lamellae, 3. Bone cell.
(c) Write one common function of both the tissues A and B.
Both are supportive connective tissues that provide structural framework and support to the body.
(d) Mention one functional difference between A and B.
Bone provides rigid support and shape, whereas cartilage is elastic and provides flexibility and cushioning at joints.
(e) Write one specific location of each (A and B) in the human body.
A (Cartilage): Tip of the nose. B (Bone): Bones of the arms or legs.

4. (a) What are the two kinds of fibrous connective tissue ?
Tendons and Ligaments.
(b) Write one important function of each.
Tendons connect muscle to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone and hold them in position.
(c) Draw a neat diagram of fibrous connective tissue. Label its four important parts.
(Students should draw Fibrous Connective Tissue showing the labeled parts: Fibres, Matrix, Nucleus, and Cell).

5. Sandesh observed a slide containing the longitudinal section of a plant tissue found in all parts of the plant like root, stem and leaves. Different types of cells are visible in the tissue as shown alongside in the diagram :
(a) Identify and name the kind of tissue shown alongside. Is it a kind of simple permanent tissue or complex permanent tissue ?
Sclerenchyma. It is a simple permanent tissue.
(b) Distinguish between simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Simple permanent tissues are made up of only one type of cells (e.g., parenchyma, sclerenchyma). Complex permanent tissues are made of more than one type of cells working together as a unit (e.g., xylem, phloem).
(c) Write one important role of the above mentioned tissue.
It provides mechanical strength to the plant parts due to its thick lignified walls.

(Choose the answer based on the codes given below.)
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

(i) Assertion (A) : Lateral (or cambium) meristem is responsible for the increase in the girth (diameter) of the stem.
Reason (R) : Cambium is located near the tips of the root and stem and also on the tips of axillary buds where growth occurs at a faster rate.
Answer: (c) A is true but R is false.

(ii) Assertion (A) : Collenchyma is composed of long and narrow cells. These cells have very thick walls due to the deposition of lignin.
Reason (R) : Collenchyma stores food and provides temporary support to the parts of a plant.
Answer: (d) A is false but R is true. (Note: The reason provided strictly defines functions typically associated with parenchyma rather than collenchyma in the textbook, making R factually false in standard context as well. However, under typical evaluation formats when the assertion is strongly false, option D is generally chosen).

(iii) Assertion (A) : Tracheids are made up of elongated dead cells with large cavities without any contents.
Reason (R) : Tracheids provide mechanical support by developing various types of thickenings in their walls.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iv) Assertion (A) : Lymph is a fluid connective tissue which does not contain any blood cells.
Reason (R) : Lymph is concerned with transportation and immunity.
Answer: (d) A is false but R is true. (Assertion is false because lymph does contain white blood cells).

(v) Assertion (A) : Cardiac muscles are striated, uninucleated and branched. Cells are relatively short and located in the muscles of the heart.
Reason (R) : Cardiac muscles can contract without outside stimulation and do not get tired easily.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(vi) Assertion (A) : Xylem and phloem are the two types of vascular tissues which help in the transportation of materials to the various parts of the plant.
Reason (R) : Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves whereas phloem transports the prepared food material from the leaves to various parts of the plant.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

1. Samay is working on a school project for his biology class. His teacher asks him to study plant growth at tissue level and identify the specific tissues involved in this process. He sows a few soaked bean seeds in his kichen garden and observes the sprouts under a microscope. He notices actively dividing cells in the growing regions of the plant. (EL)
(a) Name the type of tissue observed by Samay that has the ability to divide repeatedly and produce a large number of cells in a particular region.
Meristematic tissue.
(b) Write two specific locations in the plant body where the above mentioned tissue can be found.
Near the tips of roots and stems, and below the bark (as cambium).
(c) State any two main characteristic features of the cells of this tissue.
1. The cells are small, usually cubical with thin cell walls. 2. The cells are tightly packed with almost no intercellular spaces, and vacuoles are almost absent.
(d) What are the 2 main categories of this tissue ?
Apical (Terminal) meristem and Lateral (Cambium) meristem.