Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What is the definition of nutrition?
Answer
The supply of essential organic and inorganic chemical compounds to the body.
Question
What term describes the combination of food items eaten during a meal?
Answer
Diet.
Question
Which four factors determine the balanced diet of a particular person?
Answer
Age, sex, life style, and special needs.
Question
What is the definition of a balanced diet?
Answer
A diet containing all principal constituents of food in proper quantity for a specific person.
Question
Distinguish between 'appetite' and 'hunger'.
Answer
Appetite is the desire to eat, while hunger is the uneasy sensation caused by a lack of food.
Question
What are the six main purposes for which all living organisms require food?
Answer
Growth, repair, energy, maintenance, provision of raw materials, and protection.
Question
What are the six classes of food substances (nutrients)?
Answer
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, mineral salts, vitamins, and water.
Question
What is the constant ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
Answer
$2:1$.
Question
Which class of nutrients serves as the principal energy sources in the human body?
Answer
Carbohydrates.
Question
What is the general chemical formula for monosaccharides?
Answer
$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}$.
Question
Which simple sugar is popularly known as 'grape sugar'?
Answer
Glucose.
Question
Which simple sugar is common in plants and popularly called 'fruit sugar'?
Answer
Fructose.
Question
Where is the simple sugar galactose typically found?
Answer
Milk.
Question
How much energy is released by one mole of glucose?
Answer
$686$ kilocalories.
Question
What is the general chemical formula for disaccharides?
Answer
$C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$.
Question
Which two simple sugars combine to form sucrose?
Answer
Glucose and fructose.
Question
Which disaccharide is known as 'malt sugar' and is made of two glucose molecules?
Answer
Maltose.
Question
Lactose, or 'milk sugar', is composed of which two simple sugars?
Answer
Glucose and galactose.
Question
What is the chemical formula for the polysaccharide starch?
Answer
$(C_{6}H_{10}O_{5})_{n}$.
Question
In what form do plants commonly store carbohydrates?
Answer
Starch.
Question
Why is cellulose important in the human diet despite being undigested?
Answer
It provides roughage for the proper functioning of the gut.
Question
In which form are carbohydrates stored in animals?
Answer
Glycogen.
Question
What are the two primary storage sites for glycogen in the animal body?
Answer
Liver and muscles.
Question
How does roughage help prevent constipation?
Answer
It absorbs and retains water, keeping faecal matter soft.
Question
What are the building blocks of fats and oils?
Answer
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Question
How much energy is released by one mole of fat?
Answer
$9.45$ kcal.
Question
What are three primary functions of fat in the body?
Answer
Energy production, food storage, and insulation against heat loss.
Question
Which essential chemical element distinguishes proteins from carbohydrates and fats?
Answer
Nitrogen.
Question
What are the simple, smaller units that make up proteins?
Answer
Amino acids.
Question
What is the primary function of proteins in the body?
Answer
Growth and repair of body cells and tissues.
Question
Which protein-deficiency disease usually affects children aged 1-5 years who are fed a high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet?
Answer
Kwashiorkor.
Question
What is a characteristic physical symptom of Kwashiorkor related to the abdomen?
Answer
Belly protruding out.
Question
What is oedema, a symptom of Kwashiorkor?
Answer
Swelling of the feet and face due to water accumulation in tissues.
Question
Which disease is caused by the deficiency of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in infants below one year of age?
Answer
Marasmus.
Question
How does the skin of a child suffering from Marasmus differ from one with Kwashiorkor?
Answer
Marasmus skin becomes loosely folded with no darkening, whereas Kwashiorkor skin becomes dark and scaly.
Question
Which minerals are primarily responsible for strengthening bones and teeth?
Answer
Calcium and phosphorus.
Question
What is the specific role of Iron in the human body?
Answer
The formation of haemoglobin.
Question
Which mineral is required for the proper working of the thyroid gland?
Answer
Iodine.
Question
Which two minerals are essential for cell permeability and the functioning of nerve cells?
Answer
Potassium and sodium.
Question
What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?
Answer
Macronutrients are needed in large quantities, while micronutrients are needed in small quantities.
Question
Which mineral deficiency leads to the development of a goitre?
Answer
Iodine.
Question
What is the deficiency disease associated with a lack of Calcium in children?
Answer
Rickets.
Question
Which mineral element is needed for the synthesis of the energy molecule ATP during cell respiration?
Answer
Phosphorus.
Question
Name the four fat-soluble vitamins.
Answer
Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Question
Which vitamins are water-soluble and cannot be stored in the body for long periods?
Answer
Vitamins B complex and C.
Question
What is the chemical name for Vitamin A?
Answer
Retinol.
Question
A deficiency in Vitamin A (Retinol) can lead to which vision-related condition?
Answer
Night-blindness.
Question
Which vitamin is also known as Calciferol?
Answer
Vitamin D.
Question
How is Vitamin D synthesized in the human body?
Answer
By ultraviolet rays in the skin.
Question
What is the primary function of Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)?
Answer
Clotting of the blood.
Question
Which deficiency disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin $B_{1}$ (Thiamine)?
Answer
Beriberi.
Question
What is the chemical name for Vitamin C?
Answer
Ascorbic acid.
Question
Which disease, characterized by spongy and bleeding gums, is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
Answer
Scurvy.
Question
What is the approximate percentage of water in the human body weight?
Answer
Two-thirds.
Question
List three essential functions of water in the human body.
Answer
Acting as a solvent, transporting digested food, and maintaining body temperature.
Question
What is a 'calorie' in the context of food energy?
Answer
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Question
What is the difference between 1 calorie and 1 kilocalorie (kcal)?
Answer
A kilocalorie is 1000 times the unit calorie.
Question
What is the definition of malnutrition?
Answer
A condition resulting from an unbalanced diet, including both deficiency and excess of nutrients.
Question
How is 'undernutrition' defined?
Answer
A condition caused by not having enough food containing essential nutrients for growth and health.
Question
What happens to the body's food stores during periods of insufficient calorie intake, such as fasting?
Answer
The existing food stores are oxidised to provide energy.