Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
Why are fungi classified as heterotrophs rather than autotrophs?
Answer
They lack chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis.
Question
Which cellular characteristic distinguishes fungi as more highly evolved than bacteria?
Answer
They are eukaryotes with a true nucleus.
Question
The individual thread-like structures that make up the body of a fungus are called _____.
Answer
Hyphae
Question
Term: Mycelium
Answer
Definition: The entire mass of interwoven thread-like hyphae forming the body of a fungus.
Question
How do fungi digest food material in a substratum?
Answer
By secreting enzymes for extracellular digestion followed by absorption.
Question
What is the common name for the fungus *Rhizopus*?
Answer
Bread mould
Question
In *Rhizopus*, what are the horizontal hyphae that grow across the surface of the substratum called?
Answer
Stolons
Question
What is the function of the root-like rhizoids in bread mould?
Answer
To penetrate the substratum for anchorage and food absorption.
Question
The erect hyphae in bread mould that bear sporangia at their tips are called _____.
Answer
Sporangiophores
Question
What structure in *Rhizopus* turns dark as it matures and contains spores?
Answer
Sporangium
Question
How are the spores of bread mould typically dispersed once the sporangium bursts?
Answer
By wind
Question
Under what environmental conditions do bread mould spores germinate?
Answer
Suitable warmth and moisture.
Question
To which genus do all species of one-celled yeast belong?
Answer
*Saccharomyces*
Question
In what physical forms can yeast cells be found during growth?
Answer
Singly or in the form of budding chains.
Question
What is the primary shape of a single yeast cell?
Answer
Ovoid
Question
In what form is food stored within a yeast cell?
Answer
Glycogen granules and fat vacuoles.
Question
Why must cane sugar (sucrose) be broken down by enzymes before a yeast cell can absorb it?
Answer
Yeast can only directly absorb simple sugars like glucose.
Question
Under what condition does yeast perform anaerobic respiration?
Answer
In the absence of air or oxygen.
Question
What is the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Answer
$C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} \rightarrow 2C_{2}H_{5}OH + 2CO_{2} + 2ATP$
Question
The process by which microorganisms break down carbohydrates into ethanol or lactic acid without oxygen is called _____.
Answer
Fermentation
Question
Which specific yeast species is employed in the making of wine and beer?
Answer
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*
Question
What is the source material used for making beer?
Answer
Barley maltose
Question
Why does the concentration of ethanol in wine typically stop at around $12\%$?
Answer
That concentration begins to kill the yeast cells.
Question
How are spirits like whisky and gin produced to achieve a higher alcohol content than wine?
Answer
Through the distillation of the fermented mixture.
Question
What serious liver condition is associated with the excessive consumption of alcohol?
Answer
Liver cirrhosis
Question
Which gas produced during fermentation causes bread dough to 'rise'?
Answer
Carbon dioxide
Question
What is the purpose of baking bread dough at high temperatures regarding its texture?
Answer
To expand gas bubbles and create a light, spongy texture.
Question
Which genus of fungi is used to process flavoured cheeses?
Answer
*Penicillium*
Question
Which specific mould was the source of the first antibiotic, penicillin?
Answer
*Penicillium chrysogenum*
Question
Who is credited with the discovery of penicillin?
Answer
Alexander Fleming
Question
Besides *Penicillium*, which other common mould is mentioned as a frequent spoiler of food and fruit?
Answer
*Aspergillus*
Question
Which fungal disease is mentioned as an example of a harmful infection in humans?
Answer
Ringworm
Question
Which bacterium is added to milk to initiate the curdling process in cheese making?
Answer
*Lactobacillus*
Question
In cheese making, what is the liquid remained after curdling called?
Answer
Whey
Question
What is the purpose of salting the curd during cheese manufacture?
Answer
To remove moisture and prevent the growth of undesirable microorganisms.
Question
Which step in cheese making involves keeping curd at a specific temperature to impart particular flavours?
Answer
Ripening
Question
What is the scientific name for the most common edible white button mushroom?
Answer
*Agaricus bisporus*
Question
What is the scientific name for the Paddy straw mushroom?
Answer
*Volvariella*
Question
What is the scientific name for the Oyster mushroom?
Answer
*Pleurotus*
Question
What is the definition of 'compost' in the context of mushroom cultivation?
Answer
Decayed organic matter used for fertilising land.
Question
In mushroom cultivation, what is meant by the term 'spawning'?
Answer
Introducing 'mushroom seed' consisting of mycelium into the compost.
Question
What is the 'casing' step in mushroom cultivation?
Answer
Spreading a thin layer of soil over the compost to provide support and humidity.
Question
What is the ideal temperature range for preventing the growth of pests during mushroom cultivation?
Answer
$20-25^{\circ}C$
Question
How long does it typically take for the mycelium to grow within the beds during the cropping stage?
Answer
Two to six weeks
Question
Which preservation method for mushrooms involves the sublimation of ice at reduced pressure?
Answer
Freeze drying
Question
Name three vitamins found in high amounts in mushrooms.
Answer
Niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin.
Question
What is the typical percentage of moisture found in a fresh mushroom?
Answer
$85-95\%$
Question
Why is it dangerous to eat mushrooms gathered from the wild?
Answer
Many wild mushroom species are poisonous or even fatal.
Question
Fungi that live on dead organic matter are specifically categorised as _____.
Answer
Saprophytes
Question
What distinguishes the cell wall of a fungus from that of a plant?
Answer
It is made of chitin rather than cellulose.
Question
What stage of mushroom growth follows the 'tiny pin heads' stage?
Answer
Button stage
Question
What radiation-based method can be used to increase the shelf life of mushrooms?
Answer
Gamma radiation
Question
The curd from which moisture has been removed at an early stage of cheese making is known as _____.
Answer
Cottage cheese
Question
In yeast respiration, how many molecules of $ATP$ are produced per molecule of glucose?
Answer
2
Question
What is the primary role of vacuoles in a yeast cell?
Answer
Storage of fat and other substances.
Question
Process: Cropping and Harvesting
Answer
Step: Full grown mushrooms are taken out once they reach a bigger marketable size.
Question
What is the main purpose of composting in the cultivation of *Agaricus bisporus*?
Answer
To prepare a nutrient-rich substrate using wheat straw and manure.
Question
How does the structure of a mushroom differ from that of bread mould?
Answer
Mushrooms have a fleshy cap and stalk, while bread mould is a network of microscopic hyphae.
Question
True or False: Yeast requires a specific temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ to respire anaerobically.
Answer
False
Question
What defines 'mushroom seed'?
Answer
The mycelium of the selected type of mushroom.