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THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM - Questions & Answers

I. Name the following:
1. Two privileged classes of French society.
1. Clergy 2. Nobility
2. Two French intellectuals.
1. Montesquieu 2. Rousseau
3. Two members of the French Royal family who were executed in 1793.
1. Louis XVI 2. Marie Antoinette
4. Two ideals popularised by the French Revolution.
1. Liberty 2. Equality
5. Two countries who revolted against the continental system.
1. Portugal 2. Spain

II. Match the following:
1. Fall of Bastille — (d) Victory of the people of France
2. National Guard — (e) Protection of National Assembly
3. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen — (a) 1789
4. Liberty, equality, fraternity — (b) Ideals of French Revolution
5. Battle of Waterloo — (c) Last Battle of Napoleon

III. Fill in the blanks:
1. The class of professionals and rich merchants in French society was called the bourgeoisie.
2. The Estates General was an old representative Council comprising the three Estates of France.
3. In 1792, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved and a new Assembly, called the National Convention was elected to power.
4. Napoleon's forces were defeated at the Battle of Nile.
5. Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena.

IV. Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs)
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (1) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (2) Fall of Bastille (3) Formation of National Convention (4) Tennis Court Oath
(c) (4) (2) (1) (3)
2. The French Revolution introduced the world to which of the following concept/s?
(d) All of the above
3. Which of the following nations, influenced by the French Revolution, were unified?
(a) Germany and Italy
4. Arrange the following battles in chronological order: (1) Waterloo (2) Nile (3) Leipzig
(b) (2) (3) (1)
5. Which of the following formed the basis of the French Legal System?
(c) Napoleon's Code of Laws
6. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (1) France declared a Republic (2) Formation of National Assembly (3) Office of Consul (4) National Convention elected to power (5) Formation of Directory
(b) (2) (4) (1) (5) (3)

B. Given below are two statements (P) and (Q). How are they related?
1. (P) King Louis XVI led an extravagant life despite his country's economic crisis. (Q) The Enlightenment Movement exposed contemporary social and political abuses.
(c) (P) and (Q) are true.
2. (P) In the 18th century the First and Second Estate were exempt from paying taxes. (Q) The bourgeoisie revolted against the socio-economist set-up of those times.
(a) (P) is the reason for (Q).

V. Answer the following questions:
1. What was the nature of the French society in the 18th century? Why was there discontentment among its members?
Answer: In the 18th century, French society was divided into three Estates: the Clergy, the Nobility, and the Commoners. Discontentment existed because the first two Estates enjoyed all privileges and exemptions from taxes, while the Third Estate (peasants and bourgeoisie) bore the entire financial burden of the state and had no political rights.
2. What were the economic grievances of the French people that triggered the French Revolution?
Answer: The economic grievances included the heavy national debt caused by wars, the extravagant lifestyle of the royal court, and a faulty taxation system where the wealthy were exempt. Furthermore, crop failures led to food shortages and high prices, making bread unaffordable for the common man.
3. What was the Estates General? Why was it not convened by the French monarchs since 1614?
Answer: The Estates General was a representative assembly of the three estates. French monarchs did not convene it for over a century because they practiced absolute monarchy and did not want any representative body to limit their power or question their financial decisions.
4. What were the salient features of the Constitution drafted by the National Constituent Assembly in 1791?
Answer: The 1791 Constitution established a limited monarchy, stripping the King of absolute power. It gave the right to vote to tax-paying male citizens and established a National Legislative Assembly. It also nationalized Church properties and removed the control of the Pope over the French clergy.
5. Explain how did the National Convention of 1792 change the system of government in France.
Answer: The National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a Republic. It replaced the constitutional monarchy with a system where the government was run by elected representatives of the people.
6. With reference to the French Revolution, write short notes on the following:
(a) The role of French monarchy.
Answer: The French monarchy, specifically Louis XVI, was weak and heavily influenced by the extravagant Queen Marie Antoinette. Their absolute rule, lack of leadership, and resistance to reforms directly led to the collapse of the Old Regime.
(b) Significance of the French revolution.
Answer: The revolution spread the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. It ended feudalism in France, inspired nationalist movements across Europe (leading to the unification of Italy and Germany), and promoted the idea of popular sovereignty.
7. With reference to Napoleon's contribution, write about the following:
(a) The Reforms initiated by Napoleon.
Answer: Napoleon introduced the Napoleonic Code (a uniform legal system), established the Bank of France, modernized education with public schools, and improved infrastructure through roads and canals.
(b) The Continental system.
Answer: This was an economic blockade intended to destroy Britain's commerce by forbidding European nations from trading with the British. It ultimately failed and led to Napoleon's downfall as it hurt European economies and caused revolts.
(c) Impact of Napoleonic Wars.
Answer: The wars spread revolutionary ideas throughout Europe, abolished feudal systems in conquered territories, and fostered a spirit of nationalism among the people who eventually fought for their own independence.
(d) Concordat.
Answer: The Concordat was an agreement between Napoleon and the Pope in 1801. It restored the Catholic Church in France but kept it under the control of the state, helping to bring social stability.

VI. Picture Study
Study the picture and answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the event in the picture. When and where did it happen?
Answer: The event is the Fall of the Bastille. It occurred on July 14, 1789, in Paris, France.
(b) What were the causes that led to this event?
Answer: The causes included widespread rumors that the King was going to use the army against the National Assembly, the extreme scarcity of food, and the people's need for gunpowder and weapons stored in the fortress.
(c) What is the significance of this event in the history of France?
Answer: The fall of the Bastille symbolised the end of the King's absolute power and the victory of the people over tyranny. It is celebrated today as the National Day of France.
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Multiple Choice Questions - Test your understanding with these MCQs. Click "Show Answer" to reveal the correct answer.

Question 1Which branch of the Government is responsible for implementing the laws made by the Legislature?

Correct Answer: Executive

Question 2Who is considered the nominal head of the State in the Indian Union?

Correct Answer: President

Question 3The Union Executive consists of which of the following members?

Correct Answer: President, Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers

Question 4What is the minimum age required to contest for the election of the President of India?

Correct Answer: 35 years

Question 5Who exercises the real executive powers in the Indian government?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister in consultation with the Council of Ministers

Question 6The President of India is elected by which body?

Correct Answer: An Electoral College

Question 7Which of these is NOT a member of the Electoral College that elects the President?

Correct Answer: Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha

Question 8What is the term of office for the President of India?

Correct Answer: 5 years

Question 9To whom does the President address his/her resignation letter?

Correct Answer: The Vice-President

Question 10By what process can the President be removed for violating the Constitution?

Correct Answer: Impeachment

Question 11What majority is required in a House of Parliament to pass a resolution for impeachment?

Correct Answer: Two-thirds majority

Question 12What is the name of the official rent-free residence of the President of India?

Correct Answer: Rashtrapati Bhawan

Question 13In whose name are all executive orders of the Union government issued?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 14Who appoints the Prime Minister of India?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 15On whose advice does the President appoint other ministers of the Council?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister

Question 16Who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in India?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 17The President has the power to summon and prorogue both Houses of Parliament. What does 'prorogue' mean in this context?

Correct Answer: To end a session of Parliament

Question 18How many members does the President nominate to the Rajya Sabha?

Correct Answer: 12 members

Question 19When does a bill passed by Parliament finally become a law?

Correct Answer: After it receives the assent of the President

Question 20What happens if a non-money bill is sent back by the President but passed again by both Houses?

Correct Answer: The President must give his/her assent

Question 21The President can issue executive orders when Parliament is not in session. These are called:

Correct Answer: Ordinances

Question 22Which type of bill can only be introduced in Parliament on the recommendation of the President?

Correct Answer: Money-bill

Question 23From which fund can the President authorize money withdrawal in advance to meet unforeseen expenditure?

Correct Answer: Contingency Fund of India

Question 24How often does the President appoint a Finance Commission?

Correct Answer: Every 5 years

Question 25The power of the President to grant pardon or change a death sentence is part of which powers?

Correct Answer: Judicial Powers

Question 26Is the President answerable to any Court of Law for the exercise of his/her official duties?

Correct Answer: No, he/she is not answerable

Question 27Who represents India at international conferences and appoints Indian representatives abroad?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 28Under what circumstance is a 'National or General Emergency' declared?

Correct Answer: Security threat by war or external aggression

Question 29What type of emergency is declared if the Constitutional machinery breaks down in a State?

Correct Answer: State Emergency (President's Rule)

Question 30Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

Correct Answer: The Vice-President

Question 31What is the primary function of the Vice-President when the President's office falls vacant?

Correct Answer: He/she officiates as the President

Question 32When the Vice-President acts as the President, what happens to his/her role in the Rajya Sabha?

Correct Answer: He/she ceases to be the Chairman of Rajya Sabha

Question 33Who is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister

Question 34The Prime Minister acts as a link between the President and whom?

Correct Answer: The Council of Ministers

Question 35Who distributes 'portfolios' (departments) among the Council of Ministers?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister

Question 36Who presides over the meetings of the Cabinet?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister

Question 37To which body is the Council of Ministers collectively responsible?

Correct Answer: The Lok Sabha

Question 38Which group within the Council of Ministers forms the 'nucleus' of the administration?

Correct Answer: The Cabinet

Question 39Who prepares the President's Special Address to the Parliament?

Correct Answer: The Cabinet

Question 40On whose recommendation can the President declare an emergency?

Correct Answer: The Cabinet

Question 41What must a person be qualified for to contest for the Vice-President post, besides age and citizenship?

Correct Answer: Member of Rajya Sabha

Question 42Who appoints the Chief Justice and judges of the Supreme Court?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 43If no party gets an absolute majority in Lok Sabha, the President uses what power to appoint a Prime Minister?

Correct Answer: Discretionary power

Question 44The President can declare Financial Emergency if there is a threat to the country's:

Correct Answer: Financial stability

Question 45Who is the chief spokesperson of the government on the floor of the House?

Correct Answer: The Prime Minister

Question 46The Council of Ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State, and:

Correct Answer: Deputy Ministers

Question 47Who can declare war or make peace treaties?

Correct Answer: The President

Question 48What happens to a money-bill if the President receives it for assent?

Correct Answer: He/she cannot withhold his/her assent

Question 49Which body determines the salary and allowances of the President?

Correct Answer: The Parliament

Question 50Who coordinates the working of various government departments?

Correct Answer: The Cabinet
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True or False Questions - Determine whether each statement is true or false. Click "Show Answer" to reveal the correct answer.

Statement 1The Executive branch implements laws made by the Legislature.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 2The Union Executive includes only the President and the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 3The State Executive consists of the Governor and the Chief Minister with the Council of Ministers.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 4The President of India is the real head of the State.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 5The President is a nominal head, meaning he/she is a head in name only.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 6Real executive powers are exercised by the Prime Minister in consultation with the Council of Ministers.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 7A person must be at least 30 years old to contest for the election of President.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 8A candidate for President must be a citizen of India.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 9To be President, one must have qualifications necessary to be a member of the Rajya Sabha.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 10A Presidential candidate must not hold any office of profit under the government.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 11The President of India is directly elected by the citizens of India.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 12The Electoral College includes elected members of both Houses of Parliament.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 13Nominated members of Parliament can vote in the Presidential election.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 14Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of all States are part of the Electoral College.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 15Members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry participate in electing the President.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 16The President is elected for a term of 6 years.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 17The President is eligible for re-election.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 18The President can resign by writing a letter to the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 19Impeachment is the process used to remove the President for violation of the Constitution.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 20A resolution for impeachment must be passed by a two-thirds majority of the House.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 21The President receives a monthly salary and a pension after the expiry of his/her term.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 22The Rashtrapati Bhawan is the official rent-free residence of the President in New Delhi.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 23All executive orders are issued in the name of the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 24The President appoints the leader of the majority party as the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 25The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the Vice-President.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 26The Attorney-General and the Comptroller and Auditor-General are appointed by the President.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 27The President has the power to remove Governors of States from office.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 28Administration of Union Territories is under the direct control of the President.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 29The President is the Chief Commander of the Armed Forces.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 30The President cannot declare war or make peace treaties.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 31The President has the power to summon and prorogue both Houses of Parliament.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 32The President can dissolve the Rajya Sabha.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 33The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 34Nominated members of Rajya Sabha are experts in fields like art, literature, and science.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 35The President addresses the first session of Parliament after each general election.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 36A bill becomes law even without the assent of the President.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 37The President can withhold assent to a money-bill.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 38An Ordinance is issued by the President when Parliament is not in session.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 39Money-bills can be introduced in Parliament without the President's recommendation.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 40The Contingency Fund of India is used to meet unforeseen expenditure with the President's authorization.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 41The President appoints a Finance Commission every 10 years.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 42The President has the power to grant pardon or reduce a person's punishment.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 43The President can change a death sentence to a lesser punishment.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 44The President is answerable to a court of law for the exercise of his/her powers.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 45The President represents India at international conferences.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 46International treaties are conducted in the name of the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: False

Statement 47The President can declare three types of emergencies.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 48A National Emergency is declared if the security of India is threatened by war.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 49President's Rule is declared during a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a State.

Correct Answer: True

Statement 50A Financial Emergency is declared when there is a threat to the financial stability of the country.

Correct Answer: True
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Fill in the Blanks - Complete the sentences by filling in the missing words. Click "Show Answer" to check your response.

Question 1The branch of government that implements laws made by the Legislature is known as the ______.

Correct Answer: Executive

Question 2The Union Executive comprises the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, and the ______.

Correct Answer: Council of Ministers

Question 3The State Executive consists of the Governor, the Chief Minister, and the ______.

Correct Answer: Council of Ministers

Question 4The ______ is the head of the State, but serves only as a nominal head.

Correct Answer: President

Question 5The real executive powers in India are exercised by the ______ in consultation with the Council of Ministers.

Correct Answer: Prime Minister

Question 6To contest for the election of President, a person must be a citizen of ______.

Correct Answer: India

Question 7A candidate for the Presidency must have completed the age of ______ years.

Correct Answer: 35

Question 8The President must have qualifications necessary to be a member of the ______.

Correct Answer: Lok Sabha

Question 9A Presidential candidate must not hold any ______ under the government of India.

Correct Answer: office of profit

Question 10The President of India is indirectly elected by an ______.

Correct Answer: Electoral College

Question 11The Electoral College for the President includes elected members of both Houses of ______.

Correct Answer: Parliament

Question 12Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and ______ participate in the Presidential election.

Correct Answer: Puducherry

Question 13The President is elected for a term of ______ years.

Correct Answer: 5

Question 14The President can resign from office by writing to the ______.

Correct Answer: Vice-President

Question 15The process of removing the President for violation of the Constitution is called ______.

Correct Answer: impeachment

Question 16A resolution to impeach the President must be passed by a ______ majority of the House.

Correct Answer: two-thirds

Question 17The official residence of the President of India in New Delhi is known as ______.

Correct Answer: Rashtrapati Bhawan

Question 18The ______ of the Union is vested in the President.

Correct Answer: executive power

Question 19All executive ______ are issued in the name of the President.

Correct Answer: orders

Question 20The President appoints the leader of the ______ party as the Prime Minister.

Correct Answer: majority

Question 21The President appoints other ministers on the advice of the ______.

Correct Answer: Prime Minister

Question 22The President appoints the ______, who is the chief legal advisor to the government.

Correct Answer: Attorney-General of India

Question 23The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the ______.

Correct Answer: President

Question 24The President appoints members of the Union Public ______ Commission.

Correct Answer: Service

Question 25The judges of the Supreme Court and the ______ Courts are appointed by the President.

Correct Answer: High

Question 26The administration of ______ is under the direct control of the President.

Correct Answer: Union Territories

Question 27The President is the ______ of the Armed Forces.

Correct Answer: Chief Commander

Question 28The President appoints the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and ______.

Correct Answer: Air Force

Question 29The power to declare ______ and make peace treaties belongs to the President.

Correct Answer: war

Question 30The President has the power to ______ and prorogue both Houses of Parliament.

Correct Answer: summon

Question 31The President has the power to dissolve the ______.

Correct Answer: Lok Sabha

Question 32The President nominates ______ members to the Rajya Sabha.

Correct Answer: 12

Question 33Members nominated to the Rajya Sabha must have special knowledge in fields like art, literature, science, and ______.

Correct Answer: social service

Question 34The President addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together for the ______ session after an election.

Correct Answer: first

Question 35A bill becomes law only after it receives the ______ of the President.

Correct Answer: assent

Question 36The President cannot withhold assent in the case of a ______.

Correct Answer: money-bill

Question 37The President can issue an ______ when Parliament is not in session.

Correct Answer: Ordinance

Question 38Money-bills can be introduced in Parliament only on the ______ of the President.

Correct Answer: recommendation

Question 39The President can authorize advance withdrawal of money from the ______ Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditure.

Correct Answer: Contingency

Question 40The President appoints a ______ Commission every five years to make financial recommendations.

Correct Answer: Finance

Question 41The President has the judicial power to grant ______ or reduce punishment.

Correct Answer: pardon

Question 42The President can grant pardon even to a person sentenced to ______.

Correct Answer: death

Question 43The President is not ______ to any Court of Law for the exercise of his/her official powers.

Correct Answer: answerable

Question 44The President represents India at ______ conferences.

Correct Answer: international

Question 45All international treaties and agreements are conducted in the ______ of the President.

Correct Answer: name

Question 46A ______ Emergency is declared if the security of the country is threatened by war or external aggression.

Correct Answer: National

Question 47If there is a breakdown of ______ machinery in a State, the President can declare an emergency there.

Correct Answer: Constitutional

Question 48The President can declare a ______ Emergency if there is a threat to the financial stability of the country.

Correct Answer: financial

Question 49The ______ is elected by an electoral college comprising members of both Houses of Parliament.

Correct Answer: Vice-President

Question 50The Vice-President must have the qualifications necessary to be a member of the ______.

Correct Answer: Rajya Sabha
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Short Answer Questions - Practice concise answers to these questions. Click "Show Answer" to reveal the response.
Question 1

Which branch of government implements laws?

Answer:
Executive
Question 2

Who is the nominal head of the Indian State?

Answer:
President
Question 3

Who exercises real executive powers in India?

Answer:
Prime Minister
Question 4

What is the minimum age to be President of India?

Answer:
35 years
Question 5

To which House must a Presidential candidate be qualified for membership?

Answer:
Lok Sabha
Question 6

Is the President of India elected directly or indirectly?

Answer:
Indirectly
Question 7

What body elects the President of India?

Answer:
Electoral College
Question 8

How long is the President's term of office?

Answer:
5 years
Question 9

To whom does the President submit a resignation letter?

Answer:
Vice-President
Question 10

By what process can the President be removed from office?

Answer:
Impeachment
Question 11

What is the official residence of the President?

Answer:
Rashtrapati Bhawan
Question 12

In whose name are all executive orders issued?

Answer:
President
Question 13

Who appoints the leader of the majority party as Prime Minister?

Answer:
President
Question 14

Who is the Chief Commander of the Armed Forces?

Answer:
President
Question 15

Who appoints the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force?

Answer:
President
Question 16

Who has the power to summon and prorogue Parliament?

Answer:
President
Question 17

How many members does the President nominate to the Rajya Sabha?

Answer:
12 members
Question 18

What is required for a bill to become a law?

Answer:
President's assent
Question 19

What are executive orders issued when Parliament is not in session called?

Answer:
Ordinances
Question 20

Who recommends the introduction of money-bills in Parliament?

Answer:
President
Question 21

From which fund can the President authorize advance money withdrawal?

Answer:
Contingency Fund
Question 22

How often is the Finance Commission appointed?

Answer:
Every 5 years
Question 23

Who has the power to grant pardon to a person sentenced to death?

Answer:
President
Question 24

Who represents India at international conferences?

Answer:
President
Question 25

What type of emergency is declared for external aggression?

Answer:
National or General Emergency
Question 26

Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer:
Vice-President
Question 27

What is the term of the Vice-President?

Answer:
5 years
Question 28

Who officiates as President if the office is vacant?

Answer:
Vice-President
Question 29

Who is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha?

Answer:
Prime Minister
Question 30

Who acts as the link between the Council of Ministers and the President?

Answer:
Prime Minister
Question 31

Who distributes portfolios among ministers?

Answer:
Prime Minister
Question 32

To which House is the Council of Ministers collectively responsible?

Answer:
Lok Sabha
Question 33

What body forms the nucleus of the administration?

Answer:
Cabinet
Question 34

Who prepares the President's Special Address to Parliament?

Answer:
Cabinet
Question 35

On whose advice can the President declare an emergency?

Answer:
Cabinet
Question 36

Who appoints the Governors of the States?

Answer:
President
Question 37

Who appoints the Attorney-General of India?

Answer:
President
Question 38

What is the age requirement for the Vice-President?

Answer:
35 years
Question 39

Who appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

Answer:
President
Question 40

Who coordinates the working of various government departments?

Answer:
Cabinet
Question 41

Who can dissolve the Lok Sabha?

Answer:
President
Question 42

Which body is the policy-framing body of the government?

Answer:
Cabinet
Question 43

Who informs the President about Cabinet decisions?

Answer:
Prime Minister
Question 44

Is the President answerable to a court of law for official duties?

Answer:
No
Question 45

Who receives ambassadors from other countries?

Answer:
President
Question 46

Who appoints the Election Commission members?

Answer:
President
Question 47

In which city is the Rashtrapati Bhawan located?

Answer:
New Delhi
Question 48

Which House can initiate impeachment of the President?

Answer:
Any of the two Houses
Question 49

What majority is needed for Presidential impeachment?

Answer:
Two-thirds majority
Question 50

Who heads the State Executive?

Answer:
Governor
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Long Answer Questions - Practice detailed answers to these comprehensive questions. Click "Show Answer" to reveal the response.
Question 1

What are the essential qualifications required for a candidate to contest for the election of the President of India?

Answer:
To contest for the election to become the President of India, a candidate must fulfill the following criteria: 1. Be a citizen of India. 2. Have completed the age of 35 years. 3. Possess the qualifications necessary to be elected as a member of the Lok Sabha. 4. Must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India, any State Government, or any local authority.
Question 2

Explain the composition of the Electoral College that elects the President of India.

Answer:
The President of India is indirectly elected by an Electoral College. This body consists of: (a) The elected members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). (b) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabhas) of all the States. (c) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.
Question 3

Describe the process and grounds for the removal of the President of India.

Answer:
The President can be removed from office before the expiry of their term through a process called 'impeachment'. The primary ground for removal is the 'violation of the Constitution'. The process is as follows: 1. A resolution to impeach may be moved in either House of Parliament. 2. The resolution must be passed by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of that House. 3. Once passed, the charges are investigated by the other House, and if sustained by a similar two-thirds majority, the President stands removed.
Question 4

Discuss the Executive Powers of the President of India.

Answer:
The executive power of the Union is vested in the President, and all executive orders are issued in their name. Their key executive powers include: 1. Appointing the leader of the majority party as the Prime Minister. 2. Appointing other ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. 3. Appointing high-ranking officials such as the Attorney-General, Comptroller and Auditor-General, Governors of States, and members of the UPSC and Election Commission. 4. Managing the administration of Union Territories directly. 5. The power to remove these officials from their respective offices.
Question 5

What are the Legislative Powers of the President of India?

Answer:
The President is an integral part of the Parliament and possesses the following legislative powers: 1. The power to summon and prorogue both Houses of Parliament. 2. The power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. 3. Nominating 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from fields like art, literature, and science. 4. Addressing both Houses at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. 5. Granting assent to bills, without which they cannot become law. 6. Issuing Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
Question 6

Detail the Financial Powers vested in the President of India.

Answer:
The President exercises significant control over the nation's finances: 1. Money-bills can only be introduced in the Parliament on the recommendation of the President. 2. The President has the authority to authorize advance withdrawals from the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenditures. 3. The President appoints a Finance Commission every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Union and the States.
Question 7

Explain the Judicial Powers of the President of India.

Answer:
The President's judicial powers are intended to ensure justice and provide a final check: 1. The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieve, or reduce the punishment of any person convicted of an offense. 2. They can specifically grant pardon to individuals sentenced to death by the courts. 3. The President is not answerable to any court of law for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of their office.
Question 8

Discuss the Diplomatic Powers of the President.

Answer:
As the head of State, the President represents India on the global stage: 1. All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President. 2. The President represents India at international conferences and forums. 3. The President appoints Indian ambassadors and high commissioners to foreign countries and receives the credentials of foreign diplomatic representatives arriving in India.
Question 9

Under what circumstances can the President declare a National or General Emergency?

Answer:
A National or General Emergency can be declared by the President under the following circumstances: 1. When the security of India or any part of its territory is threatened by war. 2. In the event of external aggression against the country. 3. In the case of an armed rebellion within the country. This power is exercised on the written recommendation of the Cabinet.
Question 10

Explain the concept of 'State Emergency' or 'President's Rule'.

Answer:
A State Emergency, commonly known as President's Rule, occurs when: 1. There is a breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in a particular State. 2. The Governor of the State reports that the government cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. 3. In such cases, the President assumes the executive authority of the State and the Parliament exercises the legislative powers for that State.
Question 11

What is a Financial Emergency and when can it be declared?

Answer:
A Financial Emergency can be declared by the President if they are satisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financial stability or credit of India, or any part of its territory, is threatened. During such an emergency, the President can issue directions for the reduction of salaries and allowances of government employees, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
Question 12

Describe the Military Powers of the President.

Answer:
The President serves as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. Their military powers include: 1. Appointing the Chiefs of the three wings: the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. 2. The authority to declare war against a foreign country. 3. The power to conclude peace treaties, subject to the regulations and approval of the Parliament.
Question 13

How is the Vice-President of India elected and what is their term of office?

Answer:
The Vice-President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament. Unlike the Presidential election, members of State Legislative Assemblies do not participate. The Vice-President is elected for a term of 5 years. They may resign earlier by writing to the President or be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by a majority of all the then members and agreed to by the Lok Sabha.
Question 14

What are the two primary functions of the Vice-President of India?

Answer:
The Vice-President performs two major roles: 1. They serve as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, presiding over its sessions and regulating its proceedings. 2. They officiate as the President of India in the event of the President's death, resignation, or removal until a new President is elected. While acting as President, they do not perform the duties of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
Question 15

Why is the Prime Minister described as the 'real executive head' of the Indian government?

Answer:
In India's parliamentary system, the President is only a nominal head. The Prime Minister is the real executive head because: 1. They are the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha. 2. They head the Council of Ministers which aids and advises the President. 3. The President is constitutionally bound to act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. 4. All major policy decisions of the government are taken by the Prime Minister and their Cabinet.
Question 16

Discuss the Prime Minister's role in relation to the President.

Answer:
The Prime Minister acts as the primary channel of communication between the President and the Council of Ministers: 1. They inform the President of all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the Union and proposals for legislation. 2. They provide any information relating to administration as the President may call for. 3. They advise the President on the appointment of high-ranking officials like the Chief Justice, Judges, and Governors.
Question 17

Explain the Prime Minister's powers regarding the Council of Ministers.

Answer:
The Prime Minister holds supreme authority over the Council of Ministers: 1. Other ministers are appointed by the President only on the Prime Minister's advice. 2. The Prime Minister allocates and shuffles portfolios (departments) among the ministers. 3. They preside over Cabinet meetings and coordinate the work of various departments. 4. If the Prime Minister resigns, the entire Council of Ministers must also resign.
Question 18

What are the Prime Minister's powers in relation to the Parliament?

Answer:
The Prime Minister is the leader of the House (usually the Lok Sabha) and exercises several powers: 1. They advise the President on summoning and proroguing the sessions of Parliament. 2. They can recommend the dissolution of the Lok Sabha at any time. 3. They are the chief spokesperson of the government and make all important policy announcements on the floor of the House.
Question 19

Briefly describe the composition of the Council of Ministers.

Answer:
The Council of Ministers is a large body that includes different ranks of ministers: 1. Cabinet Ministers: Senior leaders who hold important portfolios and participate in Cabinet meetings. 2. Ministers of State (Independent Charge): Ministers who head smaller departments and do not report to a Cabinet Minister. 3. Ministers of State: Junior ministers who assist Cabinet Ministers. 4. Deputy Ministers: Ministers who assist Cabinet Ministers or Ministers of State in their administrative and parliamentary duties.
Question 20

Explain the concept of 'Collective Responsibility' of the Council of Ministers.

Answer:
Collective Responsibility means that the Council of Ministers is jointly responsible to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of omission and commission. If a 'No-Confidence Motion' is passed against even a single minister or the government in the Lok Sabha, the entire Council of Ministers, including those from the Rajya Sabha, must resign. They 'swim or sink together'.
Question 21

How does the Cabinet differ from the Council of Ministers?

Answer:
The Cabinet is a smaller, more powerful subset of the Council of Ministers. While the Council of Ministers includes all ranks (Cabinet, State, Deputy), the Cabinet consists only of senior ministers (about 15-20) who hold major portfolios like Finance, Home, and Defense. The Cabinet meets regularly to decide on government policies, whereas the full Council of Ministers rarely meets as a whole.
Question 22

What are the administrative and policy-framing functions of the Cabinet?

Answer:
The Cabinet is the supreme policy-framing body: 1. It decides on both internal policies (like health, education, and economy) and external policies (foreign relations). 2. It coordinates the working of different government departments to ensure smooth administration. 3. It manages major national issues such as the formation of new states, electoral reforms, and national security.
Question 23

Describe the Cabinet's role in the legislative process.

Answer:
The Cabinet plays a crucial role in legislation: 1. Most of the important bills introduced in Parliament are 'Government Bills' drafted and approved by the Cabinet. 2. The Cabinet prepares the President's Special Address to the Parliament. 3. It advises the President on issuing Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
Question 24

Explain the Financial functions performed by the Cabinet.

Answer:
The Cabinet manages the nation's economy: 1. It is responsible for the expenditure of the government and for finding ways to raise revenue (through taxes). 2. The annual budget of the country is prepared under the guidance of the Cabinet. 3. It ensures that the government's financial policies align with its national development goals.
Question 25

What is an 'Ordinance' and what are the conditions for its issuance?

Answer:
An Ordinance is a temporary law issued by the President. Conditions include: 1. It can only be issued when both Houses of Parliament are not in session. 2. The President must be satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for them to take immediate action. 3. An Ordinance has the same force and effect as an Act of Parliament but must be approved by Parliament within six weeks of its reassembly.
Question 26

Why is the Prime Minister called the 'Link' between the Cabinet and the President?

Answer:
The Prime Minister serves as a bridge because: 1. No minister can directly meet the President to discuss Cabinet matters; it must go through the Prime Minister. 2. The Prime Minister conveys the decisions of the Cabinet to the President. 3. If the President has any views or suggestions on government policy, they communicate them to the Cabinet through the Prime Minister.
Question 27

Analyze the statement: 'The Prime Minister is the pivot around which the entire constitutional machinery runs.'

Answer:
This statement highlights the central importance of the Prime Minister: 1. They lead the majority in the legislature, giving them control over law-making. 2. They head the executive, controlling the administration and implementation of laws. 3. They choose the ministers, decide their work, and can dismiss them. 4. The government's success or failure depends on their leadership, making them the most powerful figure in the Indian democracy.
Question 28

What is the procedure for appointing the Prime Minister if no single party wins a majority in the Lok Sabha?

Answer:
If no single party has a majority (a 'hung parliament'), the President exercises 'discretionary power': 1. The President usually invites the leader of the largest single party or a coalition of parties to form the government. 2. The President must ensure that the person appointed can prove their majority on the floor of the House within a specified timeframe. 3. This choice is based on the President's assessment of who is most likely to provide a stable government.
Question 29

Discuss the President's role in the administration of Union Territories.

Answer:
Union Territories are governed differently from States: 1. They are under the direct administration of the Union Government. 2. The President administers them through an administrator or Lieutenant Governor appointed by them. 3. The President has the power to make regulations for the peace, progress, and good government of certain Union Territories.
Question 30

What are the specific fields from which the President nominates members to the Rajya Sabha?

Answer:
The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who have distinguished themselves or have special knowledge and practical experience in the following four fields: 1. Literature. 2. Science. 3. Art. 4. Social Service. This is intended to bring expertise into the legislative process without these individuals having to contest elections.
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Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
In pre-revolutionary France, what were peasants forced to perform without payment?
Answer
Unpaid compulsory services.
Question
Where were those who did not pay their taxes in pre-revolutionary France imprisoned?
Answer
The Bastille.
Question
In 18th century France, the middle class comprising merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and doctors was known as the _____.
Answer
bourgeoisie
Question
Despite their economic prosperity, what did the French bourgeoisie lack?
Answer
Social equality and political rights.
Question
What was a major economic cause of the French Revolution related to the ruling class's spending?
Answer
The extravagance of the ruling class, with no differentiation between the personal income of the ruler and that of the State.
Question
Which two major wars, supported by France, significantly increased the national debt before the revolution?
Answer
The Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence.
Question
Which two social classes were largely exempt from paying taxes in 18th century France?
Answer
The aristocracy and the nobility.
Question
Who bore the burden of heavy taxes in pre-revolutionary France?
Answer
The peasants and common men.
Question
What was the intellectual movement that exposed the French people to contemporary social and political abuses?
Answer
The Enlightenment Movement.
Question
Which three prominent French intellectuals infused independent thinking among the French people, leading them to demand reforms?
Answer
Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot.
Question
In 1786, what did Louis XVI decide to impose on all sections of the society to deal with the financial crisis?
Answer
A uniform Land Tax on all sections of the society.
Question
What symbolic event, occurring on July 14, 1789, marked a victory for the people of France and the fall of the monarchy?
Answer
The storming of the Bastille.
Question
What was Marie Antoinette's reported response to the news of bread scarcity?
Answer
"Let them eat Cake."
Question
What document, proclaimed on August 27, 1789, stated that all men were born free, shall remain free, and were equal in rights?
Answer
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
Question
The natural rights proclaimed by the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen included liberty, property, individual security, and resistance to _____.
Answer
oppression
Question
The new Constitution drafted in 1791 by the National Constituent Assembly transformed France into what type of government?
Answer
A limited monarchy with any real power.
Question
Under the 1791 Constitution, who was given the right to vote?
Answer
Only those citizens who paid a certain amount by way of taxes or possessed property.
Question
Under the 1791 Constitution, what body was set up with the power to declare war and peace?
Answer
The National Legislative Assembly.
Question
Following the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly in 1792, what new assembly was elected to power?
Answer
The National Convention.
Question
What were the first two major actions taken by the National Convention in 1792?
Answer
It abolished the monarchy and established a republican form of government in France.
Question
On what charge was King Louis XVI convicted and guillotined in January 1793?
Answer
Treason.
Question
Which European countries formed a coalition to fight against the French Republic after the execution of Louis XVI?
Answer
England, Spain, Holland, Prussia, and Austria.
Question
What was the name of the government established in France after the National Convention, which was composed of an executive of five directors?
Answer
The Directory.
Question
Which popular military leader rose to power during the time of the Directory?
Answer
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Question
What was Napoleon Bonaparte's initial rank in the French Army?
Answer
A lieutenant.
Question
In 1796-97, Napoleon won victories against which two countries, enhancing his military fame?
Answer
Austria and Sardinia.
Question
At which battle was Napoleon's force defeated by Lord Nelson, forcing Napoleon to return to France?
Answer
The Battle of the Nile.
Question
In November 1799, how did Napoleon Bonaparte seize power from the Directory?
Answer
He overthrew the Directory and prevailed upon the two houses of the Legislature to abolish it.
Question
What was the name of the government that replaced the Directory, in which Napoleon became the First Consul?
Answer
The Consul (or Consulate).
Question
In what year did Napoleon Bonaparte become the Emperor of France?
Answer
1804.
Question
What financial institution did Napoleon establish in 1800 to check rising inflation and grant loans to the public?
Answer
The Bank of France.
Question
What was the name of the 1801 agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that settled the dispute over confiscated Church lands?
Answer
The Concordat.
Question
What was Napoleon's most significant legal reform, which abolished all privileges and established social equality and trial by jury?
Answer
The Code of Laws, or Napoleonic Code.
Question
What educational reform did Napoleon introduce that was the first of its kind in Europe?
Answer
He established the first Public School system in Europe.
Question
Which countries formed the Second Coalition against France in 1798?
Answer
Austria, England, and Russia.
Question
The Treaty of Luneville in 1801 was signed after Napoleon defeated which country?
Answer
Austria.
Question
In 1802, Napoleon made peace with England through which treaty?
Answer
The Treaty of Amiens.
Question
Where did Napoleon crown himself Emperor of France in 1804?
Answer
At the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris.
Question
Who formed the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805?
Answer
England, Sweden, Austria, and Russia.
Question
At which decisive battle in 1805 did Napoleon march against and defeat the combined Austro-Russian forces?
Answer
The Battle of Austerlitz.
Question
What political entity did Napoleon create in 1806, consisting of 15 other minor states of South-West Germany under his protection?
Answer
The Confederation of the Rhine.
Question
Alarmed by Napoleon's growing power, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia formed the _____ Coalition.
Answer
Fourth
Question
What was the name of Napoleon's economic policy designed to cripple Great Britain by blocking its trade with continental Europe?
Answer
The Continental System.
Question
What decrees did Napoleon issue to implement the Continental System, forbidding countries from purchasing British goods?
Answer
The Berlin Decrees.
Question
By what year had the French Empire reached its greatest extent under Napoleon?
Answer
1810.
Question
Napoleon's disastrous military campaign against which country in 1812 marked a turning point in his fortunes?
Answer
Russia.
Question
What was the primary cause of the massive casualties suffered by Napoleon's army during the Russian campaign?
Answer
The harsh Russian winter.
Question
At which battle in 1813 was Napoleon decisively defeated by a coalition of European powers, leading to his first abdication?
Answer
The Battle of Leipzig.
Question
To which island was Napoleon exiled for the first time after his defeat at the Battle of Leipzig?
Answer
Elba.
Question
What was the name of Napoleon's final battle in 1815, where he was defeated after his comeback?
Answer
The Battle of Waterloo.
Question
Where was Napoleon exiled for the second and final time, where he lived until his death in 1821?
Answer
St. Helena.
Question
The Napoleonic era popularised which three principles of the French Revolution in different countries of Europe?
Answer
Liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Question
What political ideology did Napoleon's conquests help to awaken in Germany and Italy?
Answer
Nationalism.
Question
The French soldiers under Napoleon placed the _____ above everything and were willing to make sacrifices for it, inspiring nationalism in other European nations.
Answer
native people
Question
Term: Clergy
Answer
Definition: Priests belonging to a religious institution, especially a Church.
Question
Term: Nepotism
Answer
Definition: The act of giving unfair advantages to one's own family by a person in a position of power, especially by giving them jobs.
Question
Term: Monarchy
Answer
Definition: A kingdom ruled by an all-powerful monarch or king.
Question
Term: Republic
Answer
Definition: A state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected or nominated President rather than a monarch.
Question
Term: Nationalism
Answer
Definition: The sense of unity felt by the people who share a common history, language and culture.
Question
The French society was divided into three classes known as the _____.
Answer
Three Estates