Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What geological process is responsible for breaking down mountains into pebbles, stones, and sand?
Answer
Erosion
Question
According to the textbook, what happens to the size of chalk specks when they are ground into a fine powder?
Answer
The size of each speck is reduced further, but the substance remains the same.
Question
Is the grinding of chalk classified as a physical or chemical change?
Answer
A physical change
Question
What is the definition of a 'constituent particle' in the context of matter?
Answer
The basic unit that makes up a larger piece of a substance or material.
Question
Why can sugar particles in a solution be sensed by taste even if they are no longer visible?
Answer
The sugar breaks up into its constituent particles which are too small to see but retain their properties.
Question
Where do sugar particles go when they dissolve in water?
Answer
They occupy the available interparticle spaces between the water particles.
Question
Term: Interparticle spaces
Answer
Definition: The available spaces between the constituent particles of a substance.
Question
What force is responsible for holding the constituent particles of matter together?
Answer
Interparticle attractions
Question
Which two factors determine the strength of interparticle attractions in a substance?
Answer
The nature of the substance and the interparticle distance.
Question
How does an increase in interparticle distance affect the strength of interparticle forces?
Answer
It decreases the interparticle forces drastically.
Question
Which ancient Indian philosopher first proposed the idea of the atom, known as 'Parmanu'?
Answer
Acharya Kanad
Question
What is the title of the ancient Indian work that contains the concept of 'Parmanu'?
Answer
Vaisheshika Sutras
Question
According to Acharya Kanad, what are the characteristics of 'Parmanu' particles?
Answer
They are tiny, indivisible, and eternal.
Question
Why do solids have a definite shape and volume?
Answer
The particles are tightly packed and held in fixed positions by very strong interparticle attractions.
Question
How is the movement of particles described in the solid state?
Answer
They can only vibrate or oscillate about their fixed positions and cannot move past each other.
Question
What physical change occurs when the vibrations of solid particles become so vigorous that they leave their fixed positions?
Answer
The solid melts into a liquid state.
Question
Term: Melting point
Answer
Definition: The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at atmospheric pressure.
Question
What is the melting point of Ice?
Answer
$0\ ^{\circ}C$
Question
What is the melting point of Urea?
Answer
$133\ ^{\circ}C$
Question
What is the melting point of Iron?
Answer
$1538\ ^{\circ}C$
Question
Why do liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape?
Answer
The particles are free to move past each other but stay within a limited space due to interparticle attractions.
Question
How do interparticle attractions in liquids compare to those in solids?
Answer
They are slightly weaker in liquids than in solids.
Question
Term: Boiling point
Answer
Definition: The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapour at atmospheric pressure.
Question
How does evaporation differ from boiling in terms of where it occurs in the liquid?
Answer
Evaporation occurs only at the surface, while boiling occurs throughout the entire liquid.
Question
Why can gas particles move freely in all directions?
Answer
Because the interparticle attractions in gases are negligible.
Question
Why do gases lack a fixed shape and a fixed volume?
Answer
The particles move freely in all directions and tend to occupy the entire available space.
Question
Which two states of matter are classified as 'fluids' because they can flow?
Answer
Liquids and gases
Question
Which state of matter has the highest compressibility due to large spaces between particles?
Answer
The gaseous state
Question
What happens to the volume of a gas when external pressure is applied, as demonstrated by the syringe experiment?
Answer
The volume decreases because gas particles are forced to come closer together.
Question
In the sugar dissolution experiment, why might the volume of the solution be less than the combined volumes of the separate water and sugar?
Answer
Sugar particles occupy the existing spaces between water particles rather than adding to the total bulk volume.
Question
What is contained within the interparticle spaces of a solid?
Answer
Nothing at all
Question
Term: Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Answer
Definition: Tiny dust particles suspended in the air, which are themselves made of large numbers of constituent particles.
Question
What causes the uniform spread of potassium permanganate colour through water over time?
Answer
Constant motion of water particles hitting and spreading the permanganate particles.
Question
How does temperature affect the speed at which potassium permanganate spreads in water?
Answer
It spreads faster in hot water because higher thermal energy increases the speed of particle motion.
Question
How does the fragrance of an incense stick reach a person at a distance?
Answer
Gas particles move freely and constantly hit and transport fragrance particles through the air.
Question
How do soap particles remove oil stains from fabric?
Answer
One end of the soap particle attaches to the oil and the other mixes with water to lift the oil away.
Question
In which state of matter is interparticle spacing at its minimum?
Answer
The solid state
Question
In which state of matter is interparticle spacing at its maximum?
Answer
The gaseous state
Question
How is the packing of particles described in the liquid state?
Answer
Particles are a little more loosely packed than in solids.
Question
Which state of matter exhibits maximum interparticle attraction?
Answer
The solid state
Question
Which state of matter has the least movement of particles, restricted only to vibrations?
Answer
The solid state
Question
What are the two specific types of tiny particles that make up all matter?
Answer
Atoms and molecules
Question
A water molecule is composed of which specific atoms?
Answer
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom ($H_{2}O$).
Question
Why are substances like sand considered insoluble in water in terms of particle theory?
Answer
The constituent particles are held together so strongly that water particles cannot pull them apart.
Question
What happens to the interparticle distance of a solid at its melting point?
Answer
It increases slightly as thermal energy overcomes the attractive forces.
Question
In which state of matter is interparticle attraction considered 'negligible'?
Answer
The gaseous state
Question
Why do rice grains take the shape of a container but are still considered solids?
Answer
While the collection flows, each individual grain retains its fixed shape and volume.
Question
According to the syringe experiment, why is water considered practically incompressible?
Answer
There is very little interparticle space compared to gases, so the particles cannot be forced much closer.
Question
What is the relationship between thermal energy and the physical state of a substance?
Answer
Thermal energy increases particle vibration and movement, eventually overcoming attractions to change the state from solid to liquid to gas.