Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
The period of industrial changes from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century is known as the _____.
Answer
Industrial Revolution
Question
What was the primary transition in the method of production during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
Transition from production by hand to production by machine.
Question
The shift from the domestic system of production to the factory system marked a change from handwork to _____.
Answer
Machine work
Question
In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin around the mid-eighteenth century?
Answer
England
Question
How did the Renaissance and Reformation contribute to the 'congenial atmosphere' for industrialisation in England?
Answer
They fostered freedom of thought, expression, and experimentation.
Question
What was the starting point of the Industrial Revolution in terms of manufacturing?
Answer
The invention of machinery and its use in manufacturing.
Question
Who was the Lancashire weaver who invented the 'Flying Shuttle'?
Answer
John Kay
Question
What was the primary benefit of the Flying Shuttle in the textile industry?
Answer
It increased the speed of weaving and allowed one person to weave broad cloth.
Question
Which machine, capable of spinning eight threads at once, was invented by James Hargreaves?
Answer
The Spinning Jenny
Question
Term: Investment
Answer
Definition: The acquisition of financial or productive assets, such as machines or raw materials, with the help of capital.
Question
The term 'investment' originates from the Latin word 'investire', which means _____.
Answer
To clothe
Question
Concept: Capital
Answer
Definition: Money invested for producing articles in a factory, buying machinery and raw materials, and selling finished goods.
Question
In a capitalist system, who owns and controls the means of production like land, tools, and machines?
Answer
Private individuals or groups of individuals.
Question
What is the sole motive for production in a capitalist economy?
Answer
Profit
Question
How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to an increase in population?
Answer
By increasing national wealth and checking the onslaught of various diseases.
Question
What was the 'enclosure law' requirement for farmers in England?
Answer
Farmers were required to put fences or hedges around their fields to prevent common grazing.
Question
What happened to small farmers who could not afford to enclose their fields under the new laws?
Answer
They had to sell their farms and seek work in new industries.
Question
Why were many new manufacturing towns located close to coalfields?
Answer
Coal supplied the fuel for factories, and power could not be distributed over long distances.
Question
Which British city became a symbol of industrialisation alongside Liverpool, Birmingham, and Leeds?
Answer
Manchester
Question
What system of production was destroyed by the rise of mass production and factories?
Answer
The domestic system of production.
Question
By 1850, approximately how many British people lived in crowded industrial cities?
Answer
Millions
Question
How did the introduction of machines specifically impact women's household income?
Answer
New factories took away their source of income from manual spinning.
Question
Why did factory owners prefer recruiting women and children to tend machines?
Answer
They could be hired for very low wages.
Question
What concept involves dividing the production process into basic, individual tasks to improve productivity?
Answer
Division of labour
Question
What were the typical daily working hours for factory workers during the Industrial Revolution?
Answer
Often more than 12 to 14 hours a day.
Question
What was the main cause of air pollution in industrial cities during this period?
Answer
Fumes from fossil fuels such as coal and wood.
Question
By the 1820s, the British economy was expanding at _____ the pace at which it had grown before the Industrial Revolution.
Answer
More than twice
Question
Who wrote the famous book 'Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations' in 1776?
Answer
Adam Smith
Question
Term: Laissez faire
Answer
Definition: An economic doctrine that translates to 'leave alone', advocating for no state interference in the economy.
Question
What economic system emerged as the 'antithesis' of the Laissez faire doctrine?
Answer
Socialism
Question
Concept: Socialism
Answer
Definition: An economic system where the means of production are owned by the community so that wealth is shared fairly.
Question
What is the ultimate goal of Socialism regarding social structure?
Answer
To eliminate class struggle and form a classless society.
Question
Under Socialism, the State must have control over the production and _____ of important goods.
Answer
Distribution
Question
List the three principles upon which Socialism is based.
Answer
Opposition to private capitalism, acting as the voice of the working class, and demanding just distribution of wealth.
Question
Who is known as the 'Father of British Socialism'?
Answer
Robert Owen
Question
How did Robert Owen improve conditions for labourers in his cotton mill?
Answer
He reduced working hours, paid them good wages, and helped the Trade Union Movement grow.
Question
According to the 'Marxist Socialism' of Karl Marx, what class would eventually take over power and organise production?
Answer
The working class
Question
In a socialist economy, production is based on satisfying human needs rather than creating _____.
Answer
Private profits
Question
What type of society did Karl Marx envision following Socialism?
Answer
Communism (a classless, stateless system).
Question
Which leaders were the chief organisers of the 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia?
Answer
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky.
Question
Under whose leadership was a Communist regime established in China on 1 October 1949?
Answer
Mao Tse-tung
Question
Which socialist leader in India is mentioned alongside Jayaprakash Narayan and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia?
Answer
Acharya Narendra Dev
Question
In a comparison of systems, which one relies on markets to determine investment and distribution decisions?
Answer
Capitalism
Question
In a socialist system, production decisions are driven by the State based on human consumption needs and _____.
Answer
Economic demands
Question
Identify two examples of countries where Capitalism is the predominant economic system.
Answer
The USA and the UK.
Question
Identify two examples of countries where Socialism is prevalent (as listed in the text).
Answer
China and Denmark.
Question
In Socialism, 'Public property' includes factories and means of production owned by the State with _____.
Answer
Worker control
Question
What drives economic activity and determines resource allocation in Capitalism?
Answer
Competition for ownership of capital.
Question
In Socialism, goods and services are produced specifically for their _____, rather than for profit.
Answer
Usefulness
Question
Who are two key proponents of Capitalism listed in the comparative study?
Answer
Adam Smith and David Ricardo.
Question
Who are two key proponents of Socialism listed in the comparative study?
Answer
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Question
What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the prevalence of mass starvation in Britain?
Answer
The threat of mass starvation that haunted the pre-industrial age was reduced.
Question
How did the 'division of labour' impact the daily experience of factory workers?
Answer
It made jobs repetitive, boring, and highly stressful due to strict rules.
Question
What was the term used by reformers to describe the mills and factories of the mid-19th century?
Answer
Dark, evil places.
Question
In pre-industrial England, what fraction of the population lived in small villages?
Answer
More than three-quarters
Question
Which invention by Richard Arkwright helped him build a fortune in the textile industry?
Answer
The Water Frame (implied as 'using machines to clothe millions').
Question
What was the effect of factory work on the safety of labourers?
Answer
Safety was not a concern, and workers often suffered serious or fatal accidents.
Question
What new system of ownership was proposed for the 'socialist' society conceived by Karl Marx?
Answer
Co-operative ownership
Question
The socialist party in India, established in 1934, aimed to promote a _____.
Answer
Just Welfare State
Question
Which specific social issues do modern Socialists focus on to protect the workforce?
Answer
Protection against unemployment, illness, injury, and old-age pensions.