Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
Almost all organisms possess a distributing and collecting system of circulating fluids collectively known as the _____ system.
Answer
Circulatory
Question
What system is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients to be transported to every cell of the body?
Answer
Digestive system
Question
The respiratory system picks up _____ in the lungs to be transported to all parts of the body.
Answer
$O_{2}$ (Oxygen)
Question
Which system removes nitrogenous wastes like urea from the body?
Answer
Excretory system
Question
What are the two primary circulating fluids in the human body?
Answer
Blood and lymph
Question
Fluid that occupies the spaces between cells in the organs is called _____ fluid.
Answer
Tissue
Question
In which type of circulatory system does blood flow through open spaces instead of closed vessels?
Answer
Open blood circulatory system
Question
Name the non-circulating fluid found in the cavities of skeletal joints.
Answer
Synovial fluid
Question
What non-circulating fluid is located in the eye?
Answer
Vitreous humour
Question
How much blood by volume does an average adult human have in their body?
Answer
5 to 6 litres
Question
What is the normal pH range of human blood?
Answer
7.3 to 7.45
Question
How does blood contribute to the distribution of heat in the body?
Answer
It helps keep body temperature uniform.
Question
White blood corpuscles protect the body by _____ bacteria that enter the body.
Answer
Engulfing
Question
What percentage of blood is composed of plasma?
Answer
55-60 per cent
Question
The cellular elements of blood constitute approximately what percentage of total blood volume?
Answer
40-45 per cent
Question
What is the liquid portion of blood called after the protein fibrinogen has been removed?
Answer
Serum
Question
Inorganic salts in plasma mainly include sodium chloride and _____.
Answer
Sodium bicarbonate
Question
What is the scientific name for red blood cells?
Answer
Erythrocytes
Question
Describe the physical shape of a human red blood cell.
Answer
Biconcave disc-like structure
Question
What is the approximate diameter of a red blood cell in micrometres?
Answer
7 $\mu$ (microns)
Question
The respiratory pigment found in red blood cells is called _____.
Answer
Haemoglobin
Question
Haemoglobin is composed of an iron-containing part called haemin and a protein called _____.
Answer
Globin
Question
What unstable compound is formed when haemoglobin combines with oxygen?
Answer
Oxyhaemoglobin
Question
Which stable compound is formed when haemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide, potentially causing death?
Answer
Carboxyhaemoglobin
Question
In adults, where are red blood cells produced?
Answer
Marrow of long bones
Question
In an embryo, where is the primary site of RBC production?
Answer
Liver and spleen
Question
What happens to the nuclei of mammalian red blood cells as they mature?
Answer
They are lost (enucleated).
Question
What is the average life span of a human red blood cell?
Answer
About 120 days
Question
Where are old and weak red blood cells destroyed in the body?
Answer
Spleen, liver, and bone marrow
Question
The iron part of destroyed RBCs is retained in the liver, while the rest is excreted as a bile pigment called _____.
Answer
Bilirubin
Question
What is the primary physiological benefit of mammalian RBCs lacking a nucleus?
Answer
It increases the surface area to volume ratio for absorbing more oxygen.
Question
Why is the absence of mitochondria in RBCs beneficial for oxygen transport?
Answer
It prevents the RBCs from using the oxygen they are transporting for themselves.
Question
An abnormally increased number of RBCs is known as _____.
Answer
Polycythaemia
Question
What is the scientific name for white blood cells?
Answer
Leukocytes
Question
The process by which WBCs squeeze through the walls of capillaries is called _____.
Answer
Diapedesis
Question
Which type of granular WBC is most common and functions by engulfing bacteria via phagocytosis?
Answer
Neutrophils
Question
Which granular WBC releases chemicals like histamine that dilate blood vessels during inflammation?
Answer
Basophils
Question
Which non-granular WBCs are responsible for producing antibodies?
Answer
Lymphocytes
Question
Leukemia is a cancer of the tissue forming _____, leading to a manifold increase in their number.
Answer
WBCs
Question
What is the scientific term for an abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs?
Answer
Leukopenia
Question
What is the scientific name for blood platelets?
Answer
Thrombocytes
Question
Platelets are derived from giant cells in the bone marrow called _____.
Answer
Megakaryocytes
Question
In the presence of calcium ions, thrombokinase converts inactive _____ into active thrombin.
Answer
Prothrombin
Question
Which vitamin is essential for the production of prothrombin in the liver?
Answer
Vitamin K
Question
During blood clotting, thrombin reacts with soluble fibrinogen to convert it into insoluble _____.
Answer
Fibrin
Question
Name the genetic disorder where blood does not clot properly due to a lack of blood-clotting proteins.
Answer
Haemophilia
Question
Who discovered the concept of blood grouping (ABO system)?
Answer
Karl Landsteiner
Question
Which blood group is known as the universal donor?
Answer
Blood group O
Question
Which blood group is known as the universal recipient?
Answer
Blood group AB
Question
The Rh factor is named after the _____ monkey in which it was first discovered.
Answer
Rhesus
Question
The heart is protected by a double-walled membranous covering called the _____.
Answer
Pericardium
Question
Which heart chambers have thinner walls because their major function is to receive blood?
Answer
Atria
Question
The _____ vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the posterior or lower regions of the body to the right atrium.
Answer
Posterior (Inferior)
Question
Which large blood vessel arises from the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Answer
Pulmonary artery
Question
The _____ arises from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
Answer
Aorta
Question
Name the arteries that supply blood directly to the heart muscles.
Answer
Coronary arteries
Question
Which valve is located at the aperture between the right auricle and the right ventricle?
Answer
Tricuspid valve
Question
The bicuspid valve is also known as the _____ valve.
Answer
Mitral
Question
What structures hold the flaps of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves in position to prevent them from turning into the atria?
Answer
Chordae tendineae
Question
Which valves are located at the point of origin of the pulmonary artery and the aorta?
Answer
Semilunar valves