Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What term refers to the forces relating to or arising from the interior of the earth?
Answer
Endogenic forces
Question
The two main types of endogenic forces are diastrophic movements and _____ movements.
Answer
sudden
Question
What is the definition of a volcano?
Answer
A vent in the earth's crust through which molten material erupts from the interior.
Question
As one moves from the surface towards the centre of the earth, how do temperature and pressure change?
Answer
Both temperature and pressure increase.
Question
Why does heat build up great pressure beneath the earth's crust instead of escaping?
Answer
Rocks are bad conductors of heat.
Question
Where do most volcanic eruptions take place in relation to the earth's crust?
Answer
Near plate margins.
Question
What is formed along lines of weakness when tectonic plates slide past or collide with each other?
Answer
Faults
Question
Which internal structure is created when molten material melts weak rocks beneath the crust to form a large reservoir?
Answer
Magma chamber
Question
What determines the vertical pressure exerted by magma within a magma chamber?
Answer
The presence of silicate material, gases, and water vapours.
Question
The conduit that joins a magma chamber to the earth's surface is known as a volcanic _____.
Answer
vent
Question
What is the term for molten rock material while it is still inside the earth?
Answer
Magma
Question
What is molten rock material called once it reaches the surface of the earth?
Answer
Lava
Question
Which gas is the most abundant product emitted from a volcano?
Answer
Steam
Question
What atmospheric phenomenon often results from the ejection of large quantities of steam by a volcano?
Answer
Rainfall
Question
Identify two gases, other than steam, that are typically ejected by volcanoes.
Answer
Hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.
Question
What is the general term for solid rock fragments ejected during a volcanic eruption?
Answer
Pyroclasts
Question
In the context of volcanic products, what are 'lapilli'?
Answer
Small stone-sized rock particles.
Question
What are the large rock fragments ejected during violent volcanic eruptions called?
Answer
Bombs
Question
Where do the rock fragments erupted by a volcano originate if they do not come from the magma chamber?
Answer
They are picked up by the magma during its upward movement.
Question
What is the typical shape of a volcanic vent opening?
Answer
A circular pipe.
Question
Secondary openings that form during repeated volcanic eruptions are known as _____ vents.
Answer
subsidiary
Question
What is the definition of a volcanic cone?
Answer
A landform created by the accumulation and solidification of erupted material around a vent.
Question
On what basis are volcanoes classified into active, dormant, and extinct types?
Answer
The frequency of their eruption.
Question
Approximately how many known active volcanoes exist at present?
Answer
$500$
Question
Mt. Etna and Mt. Stromboli in Italy are examples of which type of volcano?
Answer
Active volcanoes
Question
What is the definition of a dormant volcano?
Answer
A volcano that has not erupted in recent historical times but may become active at any time.
Question
Which African peak is a notable example of a dormant volcano?
Answer
Mt. Kilimanjaro
Question
Why is Mt. Vesuvius classified as a dormant volcano despite being historically active?
Answer
It has not had a major eruption since $1944$.
Question
What characterises an extinct volcano?
Answer
It has not erupted in the present geological period and is unlikely to erupt again.
Question
Mt. Kenya in Africa is an example of which type of volcano?
Answer
Extinct volcano
Question
What is the term for landforms created by the cooling and solidification of magma and lava on the earth's surface?
Answer
Extrusive landforms
Question
How are volcanic plateaus formed?
Answer
From lava that flows from volcanic eruptions and solidifies over large areas.
Question
The Plateau of Peninsular India, specifically the North-Western Deccan, is an example of a _____ plateau.
Answer
lava
Question
Where do volcanic mountains typically form in relation to the earth's crust?
Answer
From fissures in the earth's crust.
Question
In which major volcanic belt are volcanic mountains like Mt. Fuji and Mt. Mayon located?
Answer
The Circum Pacific Belt
Question
What are volcanic plains?
Answer
Vast, smooth areas formed by extensive volcanic flooding from volcanic centres.
Question
The Western Victorian Plains in Australia are a prime example of which volcanic landform?
Answer
Volcanic plains
Question
What causes the formation of a caldera?
Answer
The summit of a volcano is blown up or collapses due to the emptying of a magma chamber.
Question
Which feature in the USA is a famous example of a caldera that has filled with water?
Answer
Crater Lake
Question
What causes the formation of hot springs?
Answer
Magma in the earth's interior heats underground water, which then rises to the surface.
Question
Why are hot springs at Manikaran in India considered beneficial for health?
Answer
They are a rich source of sulphur, which is good for curing skin diseases.
Question
What is a geyser?
Answer
A fountain of hot water and steam that escapes when underground water hits hot volcanic rocks.
Question
Where is the 'Old Faithful' geyser located?
Answer
Yellowstone National Park, USA.
Question
How does volcanic activity contribute to soil fertility?
Answer
Deposited lava and ash break down to provide valuable nutrients for agriculture.
Question
Volcanic activity provides high levels of internal heat, giving areas a high potential for generating _____ energy.
Answer
geothermal
Question
Name one economic benefit of the dramatic scenery created by volcanic eruptions.
Answer
It attracts tourists and brings income to the area.
Question
How can volcanic eruptions lead to floods and landslides?
Answer
The condensation of steam clouds causes heavy rains.
Question
What is a major environmental danger posed by the gases emitted by volcanoes?
Answer
They pollute the environment and cause health problems.
Question
What destructive oceanic phenomenon can follow explosive volcanic eruptions on islands?
Answer
Tsunami waves
Question
The Circum Pacific Belt is commonly known as the _____.
Answer
Ring of Fire
Question
What percentage of the world's active volcanoes are concentrated in the Ring of Fire?
Answer
Over $80\%$
Question
Which volcanic belt includes Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. Etna, and volcanoes in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?
Answer
The Mid-world Mountain Belt
Question
The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia is classified as what specific type of volcano?
Answer
A shield volcano
Question
The Hayli Gubbi volcano is located in the Afar Basin, where which three tectonic plates are diverging?
Answer
The Nubian, Somalian, and Arabian plates.
Question
According to the case study, how many years had passed before the Hayli Gubbi volcano erupted in 2025?
Answer
$12,000$ years
Question
How much sulphur dioxide was contained in the ash column of the Hayli Gubbi eruption?
Answer
$220,000$ tons
Question
Which geological theory explains the movement of lithospheric plates and the resulting landforms like volcanoes?
Answer
Plate Tectonics
Question
Which term describes forces that act specifically on the surface of the earth?
Answer
Extrusive forces
Question
Assertion: Steam is the most abundant volcanic gas. Reason: Violent eruptions eject materials of varying sizes. Is the Reason the correct explanation for the Assertion?
Answer
No, both are true but the reason does not explain the assertion.