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MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - Q&A

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? (a) Aluminium Smelting (b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel

Answer: (a) Aluminium Smelting
Explanation: Bauxite is the bulky, dark reddish coloured rock used as the primary raw material in aluminium smelting.

(ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc. (a) Steel (b) Electronic (c) Aluminium Smelting (d) Information Technology

Answer: (b) Electronic
Explanation: The electronics industry covers a wide range of products including transistor sets, television, telephones, cellular telecom, and computers.


2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words. (i) What is manufacturing?

Answer: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

(ii) What are basic industries? Give an example.

Answer: Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods. Examples include the iron and steel industry, copper smelting, and aluminium smelting.


3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.

(i) How do industries pollute the environment?

Answer: Industries contribute to environmental degradation through four main types of pollution:
1. Air Pollution: Caused by the emission of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and particulate matter like dust and smoke from factories, brick kilns, and refineries.
2. Water Pollution: Caused by the discharge of organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents (dyes, detergents, heavy metals like lead and mercury) into rivers.
3. Land Pollution: Dumping of wastes, glass, harmful chemicals, and industrial effluents renders the soil useless and contaminates groundwater through percolation.
4. Noise Pollution: Industrial machinery, generators, and construction activities create noise that causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate, and stress.

(ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?

Answer: Steps to minimise environmental degradation include:
1. Water Management: Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling it in successive stages and harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements.
2. Effluent Treatment: Treating hot water and industrial effluents before releasing them into rivers through primary (mechanical), secondary (biological), and tertiary (recycling) processes.
3. Air Pollution Control: Fitting smoke stacks with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter. Using oil or gas instead of coal reduces smoke.
4. Noise Control: Redesigning machinery to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise, using silencers on generators, and providing earplugs to workers.
5. Ecological Balance: Developing green belts and strictly enforcing environmental laws.


ACTIVITY

Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.

(i) Used to drive machinery (5)

Answer: POWER

(ii) People who work in a factory (6)

Answer: WORKER

(iii) Where the product is sold (6)

Answer: MARKET

(iv) A person who sells goods (8)

Answer: RETAILER

(v) Thing produced (7)

Answer: PRODUCT

(vi) To make or produce (11)

Answer: MANUFACTURE

(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9)

Answer: POLLUTION


PROJECT WORK

Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area.

(i) What are the raw materials they use?

(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost?

(iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?

Answer: (Note: This is a student-specific project. Below is a sample answer based on general knowledge).
Sample Selection: Sugar Industry (Agro-based) and Cement Industry (Mineral-based).
(i) Raw Materials:
- Sugar Industry: Sugarcane.
- Cement Industry: Limestone, silica, alumina, and gypsum.
(ii) Inputs involving transportation cost:
- Coal and electricity (fuel/power).
- Machinery and spare parts.
- Labour transport.
- Packaging materials (gunny bags for sugar, plastic/paper sacks for cement).
(iii) Environmental Norms:
- ideally, factories should treat their effluents (especially sugar mills) and use precipitators (cement plants) to control dust. Compliance varies by specific factory and region.


ACTIVITY

Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called...

Answer: AGROBASED (Found vertically in the 6th column)

2. The basic raw material for sugar industry.

Answer: SUGARCANE (Found horizontally in the 3rd row)

3. This fibre is also known as the 'Golden Fibre'.

Answer: JUTE (Found vertically in the 3rd column)

4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.

Answer: IRONSTEEL (Found horizontally in the 6th row)

5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.

Answer: BHILAI (Found horizontally in the 4th row)

6. Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

Answer: VARANASI (Found horizontally in the 1st row)

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Quick Review Flashcards - Click to flip and test your knowledge!
Question
What is the definition of 'manufacturing'?
Answer
The production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products.
Question
How is a country's economic strength typically measured?
Answer
By the development of its manufacturing industries.
Question
Why is the manufacturing sector considered the 'backbone' of economic development?
Answer
It modernises agriculture and provides jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors, reducing dependence on agricultural income.
Question
What was the primary philosophy behind establishing public sector industries in tribal and backward areas of India?
Answer
To bring down regional disparities and eradicate unemployment and poverty.
Question
How do manufacturing industries contribute to a country's foreign exchange?
Answer
Through the export of manufactured goods, which expands trade and commerce.
Question
According to the source material, what is the relationship between agriculture and industry?
Answer
They are not exclusive; they move hand in hand and depend on each other.
Question
Term: Agro-based industries
Answer
Definition: Industries that use agricultural raw materials, such as cotton, wool, jute, silk, rubber, and sugar.
Question
Term: Mineral-based industries
Answer
Definition: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials, such as iron and steel, cement, and aluminium.
Question
How are 'basic' or 'key' industries defined?
Answer
Industries that supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods, like iron and steel.
Question
How are 'consumer' industries defined?
Answer
Industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers, such as toothpaste, paper, and fans.
Question
What is the current maximum investment allowed on the assets of a 'small scale industry' unit in India?
Answer
Rupees one crore.
Question
How is a 'public sector' industry distinguished in terms of ownership?
Answer
It is owned and operated by government agencies, such as BHEL or SAIL.
Question
How is a 'joint sector' industry, such as Oil India Ltd. (OIL), defined?
Answer
An industry jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
Question
What defines the ownership and operation of 'cooperative sector' industries?
Answer
They are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both.
Question
How are 'heavy industries' classified based on raw materials and finished goods?
Answer
Industries where both the raw materials and finished goods are bulky and heavy, such as iron and steel.
Question
The textile industry is unique in the Indian economy because it is the only industry that is complete in the _____.
Answer
Value chain (from raw material to the highest value-added products).
Question
Where was the first successful cotton textile mill established in India in 1854?
Answer
Mumbai.
Question
Which two Indian states had the highest concentration of the early cotton textile industry due to raw material availability?
Answer
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Question
In the cotton textile industry, while spinning is centralised in a few states, why is weaving highly decentralised?
Answer
To provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs like zari, silk, and embroidery.
Question
Which country is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods?
Answer
India.
Question
In terms of jute export, what is India's global rank?
Answer
Second (after Bangladesh).
Question
Where are most of India's jute mills located?
Answer
West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river.
Question
Where and when was the first jute mill in India set up?
Answer
Rishra (near Kolkata) in 1855.
Question
What was the major impact of the 1947 Partition on the Indian jute industry?
Answer
Jute mills remained in India, but three-fourths of the jute-producing area went to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
Question
What is a primary factor for the concentration of the jute industry in the Hugli basin?
Answer
Inexpensive water transport and proximity to jute-producing areas.
Question
What is India's global rank in sugar production?
Answer
Second.
Question
India occupies the first place globally in the production of which two sugar-related products?
Answer
Gur and khandsari.
Question
Why does the sucrose content of sugarcane reduce during haulage?
Answer
Because the raw material is bulky and the sucrose content drops the longer it takes to reach the mill.
Question
Why is the sugar industry ideally suited to the cooperative sector?
Answer
Because the industry is seasonal in nature.
Question
What is a major reason for the recent shift of sugar mills to southern and western states like Maharashtra?
Answer
The cane produced there has a higher sucrose content and the cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
Question
Why is the iron and steel industry considered a 'heavy' industry?
Answer
All raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing high transportation costs.
Question
What is the approximate required ratio of iron ore, coking coal, and limestone for steel production?
Answer
$4 : 2 : 1$.
Question
Which mineral is added during steel manufacturing to harden the final product?
Answer
Manganese.
Question
Which region in India has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?
Answer
The Chhotanagpur plateau region.
Question
What is the second most important metallurgical industry in India?
Answer
Aluminium smelting.
Question
What are the key properties of aluminium that make it popular in manufacturing?
Answer
It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, and malleable.
Question
What is the raw material used in aluminium smelters?
Answer
Bauxite.
Question
What are the two prime factors for the location of an aluminium smelting industry?
Answer
Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost.
Question
How many tonnes of bauxite are required to produce one tonne of aluminium?
Answer
Between $4$ and $6$ tonnes.
Question
What are the two main sectors of the chemical industry in India?
Answer
Inorganic and organic sectors.
Question
What products are manufactured using inorganic chemicals like soda ash?
Answer
Glass, soaps, detergents, and paper.
Question
What is the primary use of organic chemicals like petrochemicals?
Answer
Manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, and pharmaceuticals.
Question
Which industry is often described as its own largest consumer?
Answer
The chemical industry.
Question
The fertiliser industry is mainly centred around the production of which type of fertiliser?
Answer
Nitrogenous fertilisers (mainly urea).
Question
What are the three main components of complex fertilisers?
Answer
Nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
Question
Why must India entirely import potash for fertilisers?
Answer
The country has no reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.
Question
Which Indian state contributes significantly to fertiliser production due to the Green Revolution?
Answer
Gujarat (along with Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, and Kerala).
Question
What are the bulky and heavy raw materials required for the cement industry?
Answer
Limestone, silica, and gypsum.
Question
Where and when was the first cement plant set up in India?
Answer
Chennai in 1904.
Question
Why does the cement industry in Gujarat have a strategic advantage?
Answer
It has suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
Question
What factor stimulated the healthy growth of the automobile industry in India after liberalisation?
Answer
The introduction of new and contemporary models.
Question
Which city is known as the 'electronic capital' of India?
Answer
Bengaluru.
Question
What has been the major impact of the IT and electronics industry on the Indian population?
Answer
Significant employment generation.
Question
What are the four main types of pollution caused by industries?
Answer
Air, water, land, and noise pollution.
Question
Which undesirable gases are the primary causes of industrial air pollution?
Answer
Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Question
Process: Steel Making
Answer
Pig iron is purified by melting and oxidising impurities, then manganese, nickel, or chromium are added.
Question
In a blast furnace, what is the role of limestone?
Answer
It acts as a fluxing material that is added while iron ore is melted.
Question
What is 'pig iron'?
Answer
Molten material from a blast furnace that is poured into moulds called pigs.
Question
Which industry produces irrigation pumps, fertilisers, and PVC pipes for farmers?
Answer
Agro-industries.
Question
Why is competitiveness in the international market essential for Indian manufacturing?
Answer
Self-sufficiency alone is not enough in a globalised world; goods must be at par in quality with international standards.